O:9:"MagpieRSS":22:{s:6:"parser";i:0;s:12:"current_item";a:0:{}s:5:"items";a:10:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:73:"Tuberculosis disease intensifies HIV antibody response in people with HIV";s:4:"link";s:119:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/tuberculosis-disease-intensifies-hiv-antibody-response-in-people-with-hiv/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 09:50:18 +0000";s:8:"category";s:62:"scienceantibodydiseaseHIVintensifiespeopleresponsetuberculosis";s:4:"guid";s:44:"http://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43497";s:11:"description";s:765:"Journal Reference: Bukola Adeoye, Lydia Nakiyingi, Yvetane Moreau, Ethel Nankya, Alex J. Olson, Mo Zhang, Karen R. Jacobson, Amita Gupta, Yukari C. Manabe, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Johnstone Kumwenda, Manish Sagar. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience, 2023; 26 (5): 106631 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631 Tuberculosis infects more than 2 billion people in the ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:3745:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Bukola Adeoye, Lydia Nakiyingi, Yvetane Moreau, Ethel Nankya, Alex J. Olson, Mo Zhang, Karen R. Jacobson, Amita Gupta, Yukari C. Manabe, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Johnstone Kumwenda, Manish Sagar. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience, 2023; 26 (5): 106631 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631

Tuberculosis infects more than 2 billion people in the world, and although tuberculosis is the most common co-infection in people living with HIV, previous studies have not examined how tuberculosis impacts HIV immune responses and virus characteristics.

This study suggest that tuberculosis may impact the efficacy of antibody based prevention and therapeutic strategies. Vaccines to elicit antibodies and antibodies are also being investigated as a means to treat and cure HIV. Higher prevalence of antibody resistant strains along with tuberculosis disease implies that these antibody-based interventions are more likely to in fail in these individuals.

“Tuberculosis is extremely common, especially in regions of the world with high levels of ongoing HIV transmission, and impacts both the immune responses and the characteristics of the circulating virus in people living with HIV so it is imperative we understand the relationship between the two,” said Manish Sagar, MD, an internist at Boston Medical Center and Professor of Medicine at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine. “These studies have implications for HIV vaccines and antibody based HIV therapeutics.”

Researchers worked closely with investigators in Uganda and at the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) to collect samples from people newly diagnosed with HIV that either did or did not have tuberculosis. From these individuals, they examined samples collected prior to and about 6 months after the start of HIV medications. Researchers compared antibodies, plasma inflammatory markers, and HIV sequences in the baseline and in treatment samples.

Tuberculosis disease is associated with higher prevalence of the some antibody resistant HIV. High ongoing HIV transmission in areas of the world with frequent tuberculosis disease suggest that a potential vaccine that elicits broad and potent antibodies may not work because these geographic regions are more likely to have antibody resistant strains.

Researchers highlight that this study has implications for HIV vaccine strategies as they aim to generate antibodies that can block the virus after exposure. Generating broad and potent HIV antibodies has not been accomplished and remains a monumental challenge. But Tuberculosis disease generates broadly potent antibody responses and dissecting biological pathways that provide insight into how tuberculosis enhances HIV antibody responses could be leveraged to develop novel strategies for eliciting broad and potent HIV antibodies.

We would like to thank the writer of this write-up for this outstanding web content

Tuberculosis disease intensifies HIV antibody response in people with HIV

You can find our social media accounts as well as other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:765:"Journal Reference: Bukola Adeoye, Lydia Nakiyingi, Yvetane Moreau, Ethel Nankya, Alex J. Olson, Mo Zhang, Karen R. Jacobson, Amita Gupta, Yukari C. Manabe, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Johnstone Kumwenda, Manish Sagar. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience, 2023; 26 (5): 106631 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631 Tuberculosis infects more than 2 billion people in the ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:3745:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Bukola Adeoye, Lydia Nakiyingi, Yvetane Moreau, Ethel Nankya, Alex J. Olson, Mo Zhang, Karen R. Jacobson, Amita Gupta, Yukari C. Manabe, Mina C. Hosseinipour, Johnstone Kumwenda, Manish Sagar. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease associates with higher HIV-1-specific antibody responses. iScience, 2023; 26 (5): 106631 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106631

Tuberculosis infects more than 2 billion people in the world, and although tuberculosis is the most common co-infection in people living with HIV, previous studies have not examined how tuberculosis impacts HIV immune responses and virus characteristics.

This study suggest that tuberculosis may impact the efficacy of antibody based prevention and therapeutic strategies. Vaccines to elicit antibodies and antibodies are also being investigated as a means to treat and cure HIV. Higher prevalence of antibody resistant strains along with tuberculosis disease implies that these antibody-based interventions are more likely to in fail in these individuals.

“Tuberculosis is extremely common, especially in regions of the world with high levels of ongoing HIV transmission, and impacts both the immune responses and the characteristics of the circulating virus in people living with HIV so it is imperative we understand the relationship between the two,” said Manish Sagar, MD, an internist at Boston Medical Center and Professor of Medicine at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine. “These studies have implications for HIV vaccines and antibody based HIV therapeutics.”

Researchers worked closely with investigators in Uganda and at the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) to collect samples from people newly diagnosed with HIV that either did or did not have tuberculosis. From these individuals, they examined samples collected prior to and about 6 months after the start of HIV medications. Researchers compared antibodies, plasma inflammatory markers, and HIV sequences in the baseline and in treatment samples.

Tuberculosis disease is associated with higher prevalence of the some antibody resistant HIV. High ongoing HIV transmission in areas of the world with frequent tuberculosis disease suggest that a potential vaccine that elicits broad and potent antibodies may not work because these geographic regions are more likely to have antibody resistant strains.

Researchers highlight that this study has implications for HIV vaccine strategies as they aim to generate antibodies that can block the virus after exposure. Generating broad and potent HIV antibodies has not been accomplished and remains a monumental challenge. But Tuberculosis disease generates broadly potent antibody responses and dissecting biological pathways that provide insight into how tuberculosis enhances HIV antibody responses could be leveraged to develop novel strategies for eliciting broad and potent HIV antibodies.

We would like to thank the writer of this write-up for this outstanding web content

Tuberculosis disease intensifies HIV antibody response in people with HIV

You can find our social media accounts as well as other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683798618;}i:1;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:71:"Married couples who merge finances may be happier, stay together longer";s:4:"link";s:116:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/married-couples-who-merge-finances-may-be-happier-stay-together-longer/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 07:23:37 +0000";s:8:"category";s:51:"sciencecouplesfinanceshappierlongermarriedmergestay";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43495";s:11:"description";s:693:"Journal Reference: Jenny G Olson, Scott I Rick, Deborah A Small, Eli J Finkel. Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics. Journal of Consumer Research, 2023; DOI: 10.1093/jcr/ucad020 Prior research suggests a correlation that couples who merge finances tend to be happier than those who do not. But this is the first research ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:5066:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Jenny G Olson, Scott I Rick, Deborah A Small, Eli J Finkel. Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics. Journal of Consumer Research, 2023; DOI: 10.1093/jcr/ucad020

Prior research suggests a correlation that couples who merge finances tend to be happier than those who do not. But this is the first research to show a causal relationship — that married couples who have joint bank accounts not only have better relationships, but they fight less over money and feel better about how household finances are handled.

“When we surveyed people of varying relationship lengths, those who had merged accounts reported higher levels of communality within their marriage compared to people with separate accounts, or even those who partially merged their finances,” said Jenny Olson, assistant professor of marketing at Kelley. “They frequently told us they felt more like they were ‘in this together.’

“This is the best evidence that we have to date for a question that shapes couples’ futures; and the fact that we observe these meaningful shifts over two years, I think it’s a pretty powerful testament to the benefits of merging. On average, merging should warrant a conversation with your partner, given the effects that we’re seeing here.”

The findings appear in the article “Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics,” which will appear in the Journal of Consumer Research.

Olson and her co-authors recruited 230 couples, who were either engaged or newly married at the time, and followed them over two years as they began their married lives together. Everyone began the study with separate accounts and consented to potentially changing their financial arrangements. This was the first marriage for everyone involved in the study.

Some couples were then randomly assigned to keep their separate bank accounts, and others were told to open a joint bank account instead. A third group was allowed to make the decision on their own.

Couples who were told to open joint bank accounts reported substantially higher relationship quality two years later than those who maintained separate accounts, Olson said, adding that merging promotes greater financial goal alignment and transparency, and a communal understanding of marriage.

“A communal relationship is one where partners respond to each other’s needs because there’s a need. ‘I want to help you because you need it. I’m not keeping track,’” she said. “There’s a ‘we’ perspective, which we theorized would be related to a joint bank account.”

Olson said that couples with separate accounts viewed financial decision-making as more of an exchange.

“It’s ‘I help you because you’re going to help me later,’” she said. “They’re prepaying for later favors, and that’s tit-for-tat, which we see a bit more with separate accounts. It’s ‘I’ve got the Netflix bill and you pay the doctor.’ … They’re not working together like those with joint accounts — who have the same pool of money — and that’s more common in business-type relationships.”

With separate accounts, those in a marriage potentially may think it is easier to leave the relationship, Olson said. Twenty percent of participating couples did not finish the study, including a significant percentage of those who separated after not merging bank accounts. They found no gender differences in the results.

The mean age of participants was 28 years old. Three quarters were white, and 12 percent were Black. Thirty-six percent had a bachelor’s degree and a median household income of $50,000. Couples had known each other, on average, about five years and had been romantically involved for an average of three years. Ten percent had children.

Other study authors are Scott I. Rick, associate professor of marketing at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan; Deborah A. Small, the Adrian C. Israel Professor of Marketing at the Yale School of Management; and Eli J. Finkel, professor of management and organizations at the Kellogg School of Management and a professor of psychology at Northwestern.

We would like to thank the writer of this post for this remarkable content

Married couples who merge finances may be happier, stay together longer

Our social media profiles here as well as other related pages herehttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:693:"Journal Reference: Jenny G Olson, Scott I Rick, Deborah A Small, Eli J Finkel. Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics. Journal of Consumer Research, 2023; DOI: 10.1093/jcr/ucad020 Prior research suggests a correlation that couples who merge finances tend to be happier than those who do not. But this is the first research ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:5066:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Jenny G Olson, Scott I Rick, Deborah A Small, Eli J Finkel. Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics. Journal of Consumer Research, 2023; DOI: 10.1093/jcr/ucad020

Prior research suggests a correlation that couples who merge finances tend to be happier than those who do not. But this is the first research to show a causal relationship — that married couples who have joint bank accounts not only have better relationships, but they fight less over money and feel better about how household finances are handled.

“When we surveyed people of varying relationship lengths, those who had merged accounts reported higher levels of communality within their marriage compared to people with separate accounts, or even those who partially merged their finances,” said Jenny Olson, assistant professor of marketing at Kelley. “They frequently told us they felt more like they were ‘in this together.’

“This is the best evidence that we have to date for a question that shapes couples’ futures; and the fact that we observe these meaningful shifts over two years, I think it’s a pretty powerful testament to the benefits of merging. On average, merging should warrant a conversation with your partner, given the effects that we’re seeing here.”

The findings appear in the article “Common Cents: Bank Account Structure and Couples’ Relationship Dynamics,” which will appear in the Journal of Consumer Research.

Olson and her co-authors recruited 230 couples, who were either engaged or newly married at the time, and followed them over two years as they began their married lives together. Everyone began the study with separate accounts and consented to potentially changing their financial arrangements. This was the first marriage for everyone involved in the study.

Some couples were then randomly assigned to keep their separate bank accounts, and others were told to open a joint bank account instead. A third group was allowed to make the decision on their own.

Couples who were told to open joint bank accounts reported substantially higher relationship quality two years later than those who maintained separate accounts, Olson said, adding that merging promotes greater financial goal alignment and transparency, and a communal understanding of marriage.

“A communal relationship is one where partners respond to each other’s needs because there’s a need. ‘I want to help you because you need it. I’m not keeping track,’” she said. “There’s a ‘we’ perspective, which we theorized would be related to a joint bank account.”

Olson said that couples with separate accounts viewed financial decision-making as more of an exchange.

“It’s ‘I help you because you’re going to help me later,’” she said. “They’re prepaying for later favors, and that’s tit-for-tat, which we see a bit more with separate accounts. It’s ‘I’ve got the Netflix bill and you pay the doctor.’ … They’re not working together like those with joint accounts — who have the same pool of money — and that’s more common in business-type relationships.”

With separate accounts, those in a marriage potentially may think it is easier to leave the relationship, Olson said. Twenty percent of participating couples did not finish the study, including a significant percentage of those who separated after not merging bank accounts. They found no gender differences in the results.

The mean age of participants was 28 years old. Three quarters were white, and 12 percent were Black. Thirty-six percent had a bachelor’s degree and a median household income of $50,000. Couples had known each other, on average, about five years and had been romantically involved for an average of three years. Ten percent had children.

Other study authors are Scott I. Rick, associate professor of marketing at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan; Deborah A. Small, the Adrian C. Israel Professor of Marketing at the Yale School of Management; and Eli J. Finkel, professor of management and organizations at the Kellogg School of Management and a professor of psychology at Northwestern.

We would like to thank the writer of this post for this remarkable content

Married couples who merge finances may be happier, stay together longer

Our social media profiles here as well as other related pages herehttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683789817;}i:2;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:174:"Air pollution from oil and gas production responsible for $77 billion in annual US health damages, contributes to thousands of early deaths, childhood asthma cases nationwide";s:4:"link";s:217:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/air-pollution-from-oil-and-gas-production-responsible-for-77-billion-in-annual-us-health-damages-contributes-to-thousands-of-early-deaths-childhood-asthma-cases-nationwide/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 04:55:13 +0000";s:8:"category";s:133:"scienceairannualasthmabillioncasesChildhoodcontributesdamagesdeathsearlygashealthnationwideoilpollutionproductionresponsibleThousands";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43493";s:11:"description";s:1044:"Journal Reference: Jonathan J Buonocore, Srinivas Reka, Dongmei Yang, Charles Chang, Ananya Roy, Tammy Thompson, David Lyon, Renee McVay, Drew Michanowicz, Saravanan Arunachalam. Air pollution and health impacts of oil & gas production in the United States. Environmental Research: Health, 2023; 1 (2): 021006 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acc886 Despite global efforts to transition from fossil fuels to ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:7464:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Jonathan J Buonocore, Srinivas Reka, Dongmei Yang, Charles Chang, Ananya Roy, Tammy Thompson, David Lyon, Renee McVay, Drew Michanowicz, Saravanan Arunachalam. Air pollution and health impacts of oil & gas production in the United States. Environmental Research: Health, 2023; 1 (2): 021006 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acc886

Despite global efforts to transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, oil and gas (O&G) production is nearing record levels in the United States, posing concern among health experts about what this O&G growth means for air quality and human health. While there is extensive research on the climate effects of O&G-produced methane — a key contributor to air pollution — few studies have measured the health effects of the air pollution that O&G activity generates.

A new study led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), the University of North Carolina Institute for the Environment (UNC-IE), PSE Healthy Energy, and Environmental Defense Fund fills this gap.

Published in the journal Environmental Research: Health, the study found that air pollution from the oil and gas sector in the United States has substantial adverse impacts on air quality, human health, and health costs.

The findings show that the pollutants nitrogen oxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) from U.S. oil and gas production contributed to 7,500 excess deaths, 410,000 asthma attacks, and 2,200 new cases of childhood asthma across the U.S. in 2016. Factoring in related respiratory and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and other health challenges, oil and gas production was responsible for $77 billion in annual health costs. Comparatively, this total is three times the estimated climate impact costs of methane emissions from oil and gas operations.

These impacts were largely concentrated in areas with significant oil and gas production, such as southwest Pennsylvania, Texas, and Eastern Colorado. But the health effects also extended into densely populated cities with little or no gas activity, such as Chicago, New York City, Baltimore, Washington DC, and Orlando.

The study results suggest that O&G emissions reduction policies, such as the forthcoming EPA methane regulations, may produce immediate and significant air quality benefits to human health along with significant climate benefits. The researchers urge policymakers to consider these “co-benefits” in future emissions reduction strategies. They also stress that strategies that focus on end-of-pipe pollution controls during combustion — such as in power plants, vehicles, buildings, and industry — are only addressing part of the problem.

“These substantial impacts from oil and gas production show that there are serious consequences across the full life cycle of oil and gas, from ‘well to wheels,’ ‘well to power plant,’ and ‘well to furnace,’” says study corresponding author Jonathan Buonocore, assistant professor of environmental health at BUSPH. “The health impacts are not just from the combustion of oil and gas. In order for energy, air quality, and decarbonization policies to successfully protect health, they need to incorporate health impacts across this full life cycle.”

The five states with the highest impacts from O&G pollution were Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Louisiana were those with significant oil and gas activity. However, Illinois and New York — states that produce very little O&G — still landed in the 6th and 8th spots.

“The fact that air pollution and health impacts cross state boundaries indicates a strong need for regional to nationwide coordination,” says study senior author Saravanan Arunachalam, research professor at UNC-IE. “States that have the highest emissions are not necessarily always the ones with the highest health risk due to these emissions, although Texas ranks first in both.”

A novelty of this modeling framework is the inclusion of health impacts of NO2, and the use of an advanced model that better captures the chemistry of emissions from the oil & gas sector. Among the three pollutants, NO2 was the highest contributor to the overall health impacts, producing 37 percent of these effects, followed by ozone at 35 percent, and PM2.5 at 28 percent. The vast majority of these effects pertained to mortality. NO2 contributes to the formation of PM2.5 and ozone, so strategies to reduce O&G-produced NO2 could be effective in reducing health impacts. State regulations addressing precursor NO2 emissions from the oil and gas sector could help mitigate childhood asthma cases for communities living in proximity to the emission sources, and provide secondary ozone and PM2.5 health benefits in downwind areas.

Curbing oil and gas emissions is one of the fastest, most cost-effective ways to reduce methane and other air pollutants, which improves air quality, protects public health and slows climate change,” says study co-author Ananya Roy, senior health scientist at EDF. “It’s critical that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency strengthen and finalize its proposed oil and gas methane rules as quickly as possible. These proposed rules should build from leading state approaches in Colorado and New Mexico and go further to end pollution from the practice of routine flaring.”

The authors say future studies should focus on learning more about health impacts across the full life cycle of O&G production, as well as the benefits of additional O&G pollution control strategies.

“There are technologies and strategies to reduce methane leaks, emissions from compressor stations, or emissions from other sources, such as ponds and dehydrators,” Buonocore says. “Each of these strategies will have different effects on the levels of different pollutants that get emitted.”

There is also more work to be done to quantify the health impacts of emissions that the study did not examine, such as benzene and formaldehyde, Arunachalam notes. “Exposure to these pollutants which have been detected near oil and gas wells can cause cancer and several other adverse health impacts, and quantifying them will demonstrate even higher public health benefits of controlling emissions from this sector.”

We would love to say thanks to the writer of this post for this awesome web content

Air pollution from oil and gas production responsible for $77 billion in annual US health damages, contributes to thousands of early deaths, childhood asthma cases nationwide

You can view our social media pages here and other pages related to them here.http://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:1044:"Journal Reference: Jonathan J Buonocore, Srinivas Reka, Dongmei Yang, Charles Chang, Ananya Roy, Tammy Thompson, David Lyon, Renee McVay, Drew Michanowicz, Saravanan Arunachalam. Air pollution and health impacts of oil & gas production in the United States. Environmental Research: Health, 2023; 1 (2): 021006 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acc886 Despite global efforts to transition from fossil fuels to ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:7464:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Jonathan J Buonocore, Srinivas Reka, Dongmei Yang, Charles Chang, Ananya Roy, Tammy Thompson, David Lyon, Renee McVay, Drew Michanowicz, Saravanan Arunachalam. Air pollution and health impacts of oil & gas production in the United States. Environmental Research: Health, 2023; 1 (2): 021006 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5309/acc886

Despite global efforts to transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, oil and gas (O&G) production is nearing record levels in the United States, posing concern among health experts about what this O&G growth means for air quality and human health. While there is extensive research on the climate effects of O&G-produced methane — a key contributor to air pollution — few studies have measured the health effects of the air pollution that O&G activity generates.

A new study led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), the University of North Carolina Institute for the Environment (UNC-IE), PSE Healthy Energy, and Environmental Defense Fund fills this gap.

Published in the journal Environmental Research: Health, the study found that air pollution from the oil and gas sector in the United States has substantial adverse impacts on air quality, human health, and health costs.

The findings show that the pollutants nitrogen oxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) from U.S. oil and gas production contributed to 7,500 excess deaths, 410,000 asthma attacks, and 2,200 new cases of childhood asthma across the U.S. in 2016. Factoring in related respiratory and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and other health challenges, oil and gas production was responsible for $77 billion in annual health costs. Comparatively, this total is three times the estimated climate impact costs of methane emissions from oil and gas operations.

These impacts were largely concentrated in areas with significant oil and gas production, such as southwest Pennsylvania, Texas, and Eastern Colorado. But the health effects also extended into densely populated cities with little or no gas activity, such as Chicago, New York City, Baltimore, Washington DC, and Orlando.

The study results suggest that O&G emissions reduction policies, such as the forthcoming EPA methane regulations, may produce immediate and significant air quality benefits to human health along with significant climate benefits. The researchers urge policymakers to consider these “co-benefits” in future emissions reduction strategies. They also stress that strategies that focus on end-of-pipe pollution controls during combustion — such as in power plants, vehicles, buildings, and industry — are only addressing part of the problem.

“These substantial impacts from oil and gas production show that there are serious consequences across the full life cycle of oil and gas, from ‘well to wheels,’ ‘well to power plant,’ and ‘well to furnace,’” says study corresponding author Jonathan Buonocore, assistant professor of environmental health at BUSPH. “The health impacts are not just from the combustion of oil and gas. In order for energy, air quality, and decarbonization policies to successfully protect health, they need to incorporate health impacts across this full life cycle.”

The five states with the highest impacts from O&G pollution were Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Louisiana were those with significant oil and gas activity. However, Illinois and New York — states that produce very little O&G — still landed in the 6th and 8th spots.

“The fact that air pollution and health impacts cross state boundaries indicates a strong need for regional to nationwide coordination,” says study senior author Saravanan Arunachalam, research professor at UNC-IE. “States that have the highest emissions are not necessarily always the ones with the highest health risk due to these emissions, although Texas ranks first in both.”

A novelty of this modeling framework is the inclusion of health impacts of NO2, and the use of an advanced model that better captures the chemistry of emissions from the oil & gas sector. Among the three pollutants, NO2 was the highest contributor to the overall health impacts, producing 37 percent of these effects, followed by ozone at 35 percent, and PM2.5 at 28 percent. The vast majority of these effects pertained to mortality. NO2 contributes to the formation of PM2.5 and ozone, so strategies to reduce O&G-produced NO2 could be effective in reducing health impacts. State regulations addressing precursor NO2 emissions from the oil and gas sector could help mitigate childhood asthma cases for communities living in proximity to the emission sources, and provide secondary ozone and PM2.5 health benefits in downwind areas.

Curbing oil and gas emissions is one of the fastest, most cost-effective ways to reduce methane and other air pollutants, which improves air quality, protects public health and slows climate change,” says study co-author Ananya Roy, senior health scientist at EDF. “It’s critical that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency strengthen and finalize its proposed oil and gas methane rules as quickly as possible. These proposed rules should build from leading state approaches in Colorado and New Mexico and go further to end pollution from the practice of routine flaring.”

The authors say future studies should focus on learning more about health impacts across the full life cycle of O&G production, as well as the benefits of additional O&G pollution control strategies.

“There are technologies and strategies to reduce methane leaks, emissions from compressor stations, or emissions from other sources, such as ponds and dehydrators,” Buonocore says. “Each of these strategies will have different effects on the levels of different pollutants that get emitted.”

There is also more work to be done to quantify the health impacts of emissions that the study did not examine, such as benzene and formaldehyde, Arunachalam notes. “Exposure to these pollutants which have been detected near oil and gas wells can cause cancer and several other adverse health impacts, and quantifying them will demonstrate even higher public health benefits of controlling emissions from this sector.”

We would love to say thanks to the writer of this post for this awesome web content

Air pollution from oil and gas production responsible for $77 billion in annual US health damages, contributes to thousands of early deaths, childhood asthma cases nationwide

You can view our social media pages here and other pages related to them here.http://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683780913;}i:3;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:75:"Plastic can drift far away from its starting point as it sinks into the sea";s:4:"link";s:121:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/plastic-can-drift-far-away-from-its-starting-point-as-it-sinks-into-the-sea/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 02:29:17 +0000";s:8:"category";s:40:"sciencedriftplasticpointSeasinksstarting";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43491";s:11:"description";s:762:"Journal Reference: Alberto Baudena, Rainer Kiko, Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Maria Luiza Pedrotti. Low-Density Plastic Debris Dispersion beneath the Mediterranean Sea Surface. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08873 From old shopping bags to water bottles, plastic pollution is besieging the oceans. Not only is this debris unsightly, animals can become trapped in it or mistakenly eat ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:3551:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Alberto Baudena, Rainer Kiko, Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Maria Luiza Pedrotti. Low-Density Plastic Debris Dispersion beneath the Mediterranean Sea Surface. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08873

From old shopping bags to water bottles, plastic pollution is besieging the oceans. Not only is this debris unsightly, animals can become trapped in it or mistakenly eat it. And if it remains in the water, plastic waste can release organic pollutants. The problem is most visible on the surface, where currents can aggregate this debris into massive, so-called garbage patches. However, plastic waste also collects much deeper. Even material that weighs less than water can sink as algae and other organisms glom onto it, and through other processes. Bits of this light plastic, which typically measure 5 millimeters or less, have turned up at least half a mile below the surface. Researchers don’t know much about what happens when plastic sinks, but they generally assume it falls straight down from the surface. However, Alberto Baudena and his colleagues suspected this light plastic might not follow such a direct route.

To test this assumption, they used an advanced computer model developed to track plastic at sea and incorporated extensive data already collected on floating plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. They then simulated nearly 7.7 million bits of plastic distributed across the sea and tracked their virtual paths to depths as great as about half a mile. Their results suggested that the slower the pieces sank, the farther currents carried them from their points of origin, with slowest traveling an average of roughly 175 miles laterally. While observations of the distribution of plastic underwater are limited, the team found their simulations agree with those available in the Mediterranean. Their simulations also suggested that currents may push plastic toward coastal areas and that only about 20% of pollution near coasts originates from the nearest country. These particles’ long journeys mean this plastic has greater potential to interact with, and harm, marine life, according to the researchers.

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Plastic can drift far away from its starting point as it sinks into the sea

Take a look at our social media accounts and other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:762:"Journal Reference: Alberto Baudena, Rainer Kiko, Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Maria Luiza Pedrotti. Low-Density Plastic Debris Dispersion beneath the Mediterranean Sea Surface. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08873 From old shopping bags to water bottles, plastic pollution is besieging the oceans. Not only is this debris unsightly, animals can become trapped in it or mistakenly eat ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:3551:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Alberto Baudena, Rainer Kiko, Isabel Jalón-Rojas, Maria Luiza Pedrotti. Low-Density Plastic Debris Dispersion beneath the Mediterranean Sea Surface. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08873

From old shopping bags to water bottles, plastic pollution is besieging the oceans. Not only is this debris unsightly, animals can become trapped in it or mistakenly eat it. And if it remains in the water, plastic waste can release organic pollutants. The problem is most visible on the surface, where currents can aggregate this debris into massive, so-called garbage patches. However, plastic waste also collects much deeper. Even material that weighs less than water can sink as algae and other organisms glom onto it, and through other processes. Bits of this light plastic, which typically measure 5 millimeters or less, have turned up at least half a mile below the surface. Researchers don’t know much about what happens when plastic sinks, but they generally assume it falls straight down from the surface. However, Alberto Baudena and his colleagues suspected this light plastic might not follow such a direct route.

To test this assumption, they used an advanced computer model developed to track plastic at sea and incorporated extensive data already collected on floating plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. They then simulated nearly 7.7 million bits of plastic distributed across the sea and tracked their virtual paths to depths as great as about half a mile. Their results suggested that the slower the pieces sank, the farther currents carried them from their points of origin, with slowest traveling an average of roughly 175 miles laterally. While observations of the distribution of plastic underwater are limited, the team found their simulations agree with those available in the Mediterranean. Their simulations also suggested that currents may push plastic toward coastal areas and that only about 20% of pollution near coasts originates from the nearest country. These particles’ long journeys mean this plastic has greater potential to interact with, and harm, marine life, according to the researchers.

We would love to give thanks to the writer of this write-up for this incredible web content

Plastic can drift far away from its starting point as it sinks into the sea

Take a look at our social media accounts and other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683772157;}i:4;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:43:"Nose shape gene inherited from Neanderthals";s:4:"link";s:89:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/nose-shape-gene-inherited-from-neanderthals/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 00:03:05 +0000";s:8:"category";s:41:"scienceGeneinheritedNeanderthalsNoseshape";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43489";s:11:"description";s:723:"Journal Reference: Qing Li, Jieyi Chen, Pierre Faux, Miguel Eduardo Delgado, Betty Bonfante, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, J. Camilo Chacón-Duque, Malena Hurtado, Valeria Villegas, Vanessa Granja, Claudia Jaramillo, William Arias, Rodrigo Barquera, Paola Everardo-Martínez, Mirsha Sánchez-Quinto, Jorge Gómez-Valdés, Hugo Villamil-Ramírez, Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira, Tábita Hünemeier, Virginia Ramallo, Sijie Wu, Siyuan Du, Andrea Giardina, ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:5057:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Qing Li, Jieyi Chen, Pierre Faux, Miguel Eduardo Delgado, Betty Bonfante, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, J. Camilo Chacón-Duque, Malena Hurtado, Valeria Villegas, Vanessa Granja, Claudia Jaramillo, William Arias, Rodrigo Barquera, Paola Everardo-Martínez, Mirsha Sánchez-Quinto, Jorge Gómez-Valdés, Hugo Villamil-Ramírez, Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira, Tábita Hünemeier, Virginia Ramallo, Sijie Wu, Siyuan Du, Andrea Giardina, Soumya Subhra Paria, Mahfuzur Rahman Khokan, Rolando Gonzalez-José, Lavinia Schüler-Faccini, Maria-Cátira Bortolini, Victor Acuña-Alonzo, Samuel Canizales-Quinteros, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, Winston Rojas, Francisco Rothhammer, Nicolas Navarro, Sijia Wang, Kaustubh Adhikari, Andrés Ruiz-Linares. Automatic landmarking identifies new loci associated with face morphology and implicates Neanderthal introgression in human nasal shape. Communications Biology, 2023; 6 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7

The new Communications Biology study finds that a particular gene, which leads to a taller nose (from top to bottom), may have been the product of natural selection as ancient humans adapted to colder climates after leaving Africa.

Co-corresponding author Dr Kaustubh Adhikari (UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment and The Open University) said: “In the last 15 years, since the Neanderthal genome has been sequenced, we have been able to learn that our own ancestors apparently interbred with Neanderthals, leaving us with little bits of their DNA.

“Here, we find that some DNA inherited from Neanderthals influences the shape of our faces. This could have been helpful to our ancestors, as it has been passed down for thousands of generations.”

The study used data from more than 6,000 volunteers across Latin America, of mixed European, Native American and African ancestry, who are part of the UCL-led CANDELA study, which recruited from Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. The researchers compared genetic information from the participants to photographs of their faces — specifically looking at distances between points on their faces, such as the tip of the nose or the edge of the lips — to see how different facial traits were associated with the presence of different genetic markers.

The researchers newly identified 33 genome regions associated with face shape, 26 of which they were able to replicate in comparisons with data from other ethnicities using participants in east Asia, Europe, or Africa.

In one genome region in particular, called ATF3, the researchers found that many people in their study with Native American ancestry (as well as others with east Asian ancestry from another cohort) had genetic material in this gene that was inherited from the Neanderthals, contributing to increased nasal height. They also found that this gene region has signs of natural selection, suggesting that it conferred an advantage for those carrying the genetic material.

First author Dr Qing Li (Fudan University) said: “It has long been speculated that the shape of our noses is determined by natural selection; as our noses can help us to regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe in, different shaped noses may be better suited to different climates that our ancestors lived in. The gene we have identified here may have been inherited from Neanderthals to help humans adapt to colder climates as our ancestors moved out of Africa.”

Co-corresponding author Professor Andres Ruiz-Linares (Fudan University, UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment, and Aix-Marseille University) added: “Most genetic studies of human diversity have investigated the genes of Europeans; our study’s diverse sample of Latin American participants broadens the reach of genetic study findings, helping us to better understand the genetics of all humans.”

The finding is the second discovery of DNA from archaic humans, distinct from Homo sapiens, affecting our face shape. The same team discovered in a 2021 paper that a gene influencing lip shape was inherited from the ancient Denisovans.*

The study involved researchers based in the UK, China, France, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Germany, and Brazil.

We would like to say thanks to the writer of this post for this remarkable web content

Nose shape gene inherited from Neanderthals

Find here our social media profiles , as well as the other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:723:"Journal Reference: Qing Li, Jieyi Chen, Pierre Faux, Miguel Eduardo Delgado, Betty Bonfante, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, J. Camilo Chacón-Duque, Malena Hurtado, Valeria Villegas, Vanessa Granja, Claudia Jaramillo, William Arias, Rodrigo Barquera, Paola Everardo-Martínez, Mirsha Sánchez-Quinto, Jorge Gómez-Valdés, Hugo Villamil-Ramírez, Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira, Tábita Hünemeier, Virginia Ramallo, Sijie Wu, Siyuan Du, Andrea Giardina, ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:5057:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Qing Li, Jieyi Chen, Pierre Faux, Miguel Eduardo Delgado, Betty Bonfante, Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, J. Camilo Chacón-Duque, Malena Hurtado, Valeria Villegas, Vanessa Granja, Claudia Jaramillo, William Arias, Rodrigo Barquera, Paola Everardo-Martínez, Mirsha Sánchez-Quinto, Jorge Gómez-Valdés, Hugo Villamil-Ramírez, Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira, Tábita Hünemeier, Virginia Ramallo, Sijie Wu, Siyuan Du, Andrea Giardina, Soumya Subhra Paria, Mahfuzur Rahman Khokan, Rolando Gonzalez-José, Lavinia Schüler-Faccini, Maria-Cátira Bortolini, Victor Acuña-Alonzo, Samuel Canizales-Quinteros, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, Winston Rojas, Francisco Rothhammer, Nicolas Navarro, Sijia Wang, Kaustubh Adhikari, Andrés Ruiz-Linares. Automatic landmarking identifies new loci associated with face morphology and implicates Neanderthal introgression in human nasal shape. Communications Biology, 2023; 6 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7

The new Communications Biology study finds that a particular gene, which leads to a taller nose (from top to bottom), may have been the product of natural selection as ancient humans adapted to colder climates after leaving Africa.

Co-corresponding author Dr Kaustubh Adhikari (UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment and The Open University) said: “In the last 15 years, since the Neanderthal genome has been sequenced, we have been able to learn that our own ancestors apparently interbred with Neanderthals, leaving us with little bits of their DNA.

“Here, we find that some DNA inherited from Neanderthals influences the shape of our faces. This could have been helpful to our ancestors, as it has been passed down for thousands of generations.”

The study used data from more than 6,000 volunteers across Latin America, of mixed European, Native American and African ancestry, who are part of the UCL-led CANDELA study, which recruited from Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. The researchers compared genetic information from the participants to photographs of their faces — specifically looking at distances between points on their faces, such as the tip of the nose or the edge of the lips — to see how different facial traits were associated with the presence of different genetic markers.

The researchers newly identified 33 genome regions associated with face shape, 26 of which they were able to replicate in comparisons with data from other ethnicities using participants in east Asia, Europe, or Africa.

In one genome region in particular, called ATF3, the researchers found that many people in their study with Native American ancestry (as well as others with east Asian ancestry from another cohort) had genetic material in this gene that was inherited from the Neanderthals, contributing to increased nasal height. They also found that this gene region has signs of natural selection, suggesting that it conferred an advantage for those carrying the genetic material.

First author Dr Qing Li (Fudan University) said: “It has long been speculated that the shape of our noses is determined by natural selection; as our noses can help us to regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe in, different shaped noses may be better suited to different climates that our ancestors lived in. The gene we have identified here may have been inherited from Neanderthals to help humans adapt to colder climates as our ancestors moved out of Africa.”

Co-corresponding author Professor Andres Ruiz-Linares (Fudan University, UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment, and Aix-Marseille University) added: “Most genetic studies of human diversity have investigated the genes of Europeans; our study’s diverse sample of Latin American participants broadens the reach of genetic study findings, helping us to better understand the genetics of all humans.”

The finding is the second discovery of DNA from archaic humans, distinct from Homo sapiens, affecting our face shape. The same team discovered in a 2021 paper that a gene influencing lip shape was inherited from the ancient Denisovans.*

The study involved researchers based in the UK, China, France, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Germany, and Brazil.

We would like to say thanks to the writer of this post for this remarkable web content

Nose shape gene inherited from Neanderthals

Find here our social media profiles , as well as the other related pageshttp://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683763385;}i:5;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:71:"How 1,000 undergraduates helped solve an enduring mystery about the sun";s:4:"link";s:116:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/how-1000-undergraduates-helped-solve-an-enduring-mystery-about-the-sun/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Wed, 10 May 2023 21:36:39 +0000";s:8:"category";s:50:"scienceenduringhelpedmysterysolvesunundergraduates";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43487";s:11:"description";s:681:"Journal Reference: James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney L. Peck, Arvind J. Aradhya, Yijian Cai, David Chaparro, James W. Erikson, Koushik Ganesan, T. R. Geerdts, Thi D Hoang, Thomas M. Horning, Yan Jin, Haixin Liu, Noah Lordi, Zheng Luo, Thanmay S. Menon, Josephine C. Meyer, Emma E ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:23771:"

Journal Reference:

  1. James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney L. Peck, Arvind J. Aradhya, Yijian Cai, David Chaparro, James W. Erikson, Koushik Ganesan, T. R. Geerdts, Thi D Hoang, Thomas M. Horning, Yan Jin, Haixin Liu, Noah Lordi, Zheng Luo, Thanmay S. Menon, Josephine C. Meyer, Emma E Nelson, Kristin A. Oliver, Jorge L Ramirez Ortiz, Andrew Osborne, Alyx Patterson, Nick Pellatz, John Pitten, Nanako Shitara, Daniel Steckhahn, Aseem Visal, Hongda Wang, Chaoran Wang, Evan Wickenden, John Wilson, Mengyu Wu, Nikolay Yegovtsev, Ingrid H Zimmermann, James Holland Aaron, Jumana T. Abdullah, Jonathan M. Abrams, Riley Abrashoff, Andres B. Acevedo, Iker Acha, Daniela M. Meza Acosta, Megan M. Adam, Dante Q. Adams, Kalvyn N Adams, Elena R Adams, Zainab A. Akbar, Ushmi H. Akruwala, Adel Al-Ghazwi, Batool H. Alabbas, Areej A. Alawadhi, Yazeed A. Alharbi, Mohammed S. Alahmed, Mohammed A. Albakr, Yusef J. Albalushi, Jonathan Albaum, Ahmed Aldhamen, Nolan Ales, Mohammad Alesmail, Abdulelah Alhabeeb, Dania Alhamli, Isehaq Alhuseini, Suhail Alkaabi, Tameem Alkhezzi, Mohamed Alkubaisi, Nasser Allanqawi, Martin Allsbrook, Yousef A. Almohsen, Justin Thomas Almquist, Teeb Alnaji, Yousef A Alnasrallah, Nicholas Alonzi, Meshal Alosaimi, Emeen Alqabani, Mohammad Alrubaie, Reema A. Alsinan, Ava L. Altenbern, Abdullah Altokhais, Saleh A. Alyami, Federico Ameijenda, Hamzi Amer, Meggan Amos, Hunter J. Anderson, Carter Andrew, Jesse C Andringa, Abigail Angwin, Gabreece Van Anne, Andrew Aramians, Camila Villamil Arango, Jack. W. Archibald, Brian A. Arias-Robles, Maryam Aryan, Kevin Ash, Justin Astalos, N. S. Atchley-Rivers, Dakota N. Augenstein, Bryce W. Austin, Abhinav Avula, Matthew C. Aycock, Abdulrahman A. Baflah, Sahana Balaji, Brian Balajonda, Leo M Balcer, James O. Baldwin, David J Banda, Titus Bard, Abby Barmore, Grant M. Barnes, Logan D. W. Barnhart, Kevin M. Barone, Jessica L. Bartman, Claire Bassel, Catalina S Bastias, Batchimeg Bat-Ulzii, Jasleen Batra, Lexi Battist, Joshua Bay, Simone Beach, Sara Beard, Quinn I Beato, Ryan Beattie, Thomas Beatty, Tristan De La Beaujardiere, Jacob N. Beauprez, M. G. Beck, Lily Beck, Simone E. Becker, Braden Behr, Timothy A. Behrer, Joshua Beijer, Brennan J. Belei, Annelene L. Belknap, Aislyn Bell, Caden Bence, Evan Benke, Naomi Berhanu, Zachary D. Berriman-Rozen, Chrisanna Bertuccio, Owen A. Berv, Blaine B. Biediger, Samuel J Biehle, Brennen Billig, Jacob Billingsley, Jayce A. Billman, Connor J. Biron, Gabrielle E. Bisacca, Cassidy A. Blake, Guillermo Blandon, Olivia Blevins, Ethan Blouin, Michal Bodzianowski, Taylor A. Boeyink, Matthew Bondar, Lauren Bone, Alberto Espinosa De Los Monteros Bonilla, William T Borelli, Luke R. Borgerding, Troy Bowen, Christine Boyer, Aidan Boyer, Aidan P. Boyle, Tom Boyne, Donovan Branch, Ariana E. Brecl, David J. Brennan, Alexander J Brimhall, Jennifer L. Brockman, Sarah Brookins, Gabriel T. Brown, Cameron L. Brown, Ryan Brown, Jordi Brownlow, Grant Brumage-Heller, Preston J. Brumley, Samuel Bryan, A. Brzostowicz, Maryam Buhamad, Gigi Bullard-Connor, J. R. Ramirez Bunsow, Annemarie C. Burns, John J. Burritt, Nicholas David Burton, Taylor Burton, Celeste Busch, Dylan R. Butler, B. W. Buxton, Malena C. Toups, Carter C. Cabbage, Breonna Cage, Jackson R. Cahn, Andrew J Campbell, Braden P. Canales, Alejandro R. Cancio, Luke Carey, Emma L. Carillion, Michael Andrew Carpender, Emily Carpenter, Shivank Chadda, Paige Chambers, Jasey Chanders, Olivia M. Chandler, Ethan C. Chang, Mitchell G. Chapman, Logan T. Chapman, S. Chavali, Luis Chavez, Kevin Chen, Lily Chen, Sam Chen, Judy Chen, Jenisha Chhetri, Bradyn Chiles, Kayla M. Chizmar, Katherine E Christiansen, Nicholas A. Cisne, Alexis Cisneros, David B. Clark, Evelyn Clarke, Peter C Clarkson, Alexis R. Clausi, Brooke Cochran, Ryan W. Coe, Aislinn Coleman-Plante, Jake R. Colleran, Zachary Colleran, Curran Collier, Nathaniel A. Collins, Sarah Collins, Jack C. Collins, Michael Colozzi, Aurora Colter, Rebecca A. Cone, Thomas C. Conroy, Reese Conti, Charles J. Contizano, Destiny J. Cool, Nicholas M. Cooper, Jessica S Corbitt, Jonas Courtney, Olivia Courtney, Corben L. Cox, Wilmsen B. Craig, Joshua B. Creany, Anastasia Crews, K. A. Crocker, A. J. Croteau, Christian J. Crow, Zoe Cruse, Avril Cruz, Tyler L. Curnow, Hayden Current, Riley T. Curry, Libby Cutler, Aidan St. Cyr, Frederick M. Dabberdt, Johnston Daboub, Olivia Damgaard, Swagatam Das, Emma A. B. Davis, Elyse Debarros, Sean Deel, Megan E. Delasantos, Tianyue Deng, Zachary Derwin, Om Desai, Kai Dewey, John S. Dias, Kenzie A. Dice, R. Dick, Cyrus A. Dicken, Henry Dietrick, Alexis M. Dinser, Alyssa M. Dixon, Thomas J. Dixon, Helen C. Do, Chris H Doan, Connor Doane, Joshua Dodrill, Timothy Doermer, Lizbeth Montoya Dominguez, J. Dominguez, Emerson N. Domke, Caroline R. Doran, Jackson A. Dorr, Philip Dorricott, Danielle C. Dresdner, Michael Driscoll, Kailer H. Driscoll, Sheridan J. Duncan, Christian Dunlap, Gabrielle M. Dunn, Tien Q. Duong, Tomi Oshima Dupeyron, Peter Dvorak, Andrew East, Andrew N. East, Bree Edwards, Lauren Ehrlich, Sara I. Elbashir, Rasce Engelhardt, Jacob Engelstad, Colin England, Andrew Enrich, Abbey Erickson, Benjamin Erickson, Nathan Evans, Calvin A Ewing, Elizabeth A. Eyeson, Ian Faber, Avery M. Fails, John T Fauntleroy, Kevin Fell, Zitian Feng, Logan D. Fenwick, Nikita Feoktistov, Ryann Fife, John Alfred D. Figueirinhas, Jean-Paul Fisch, Emmalee Fischer, Jules Fischer-White, Aidan F. Fitton, Alexander Fix, Lydia Flackett, Fernando Flores, Aidan Floyd, Leonardo Del Foco, Adeduni Folarin, Aidan E. Forbes, Elise Fortino, Benjamin L. Fougere, Alexandra A. Fowler, Margaret Fox, James M. French, Katherine V. French, Florian G. Frick, Calvin R. Fuchs, Bethany E. S. Fuhrman, Sebastian Furney, Moutamen Gabir, Gabriela Galarraga, Skylar Gale, Keala C. Gapin, A. J. Garscadden, Rachel Gasser, Lily Gayou, Emily E. Gearhart, Jane Geisman, Julianne R. Geneser, Sl Genne, Julia G Gentile, Eleanor Gentry, Jacob D. George, Nathaniel James Georgiades, Phillip Gerhardstein, Clint Gersabeck, Bandar Abu Ghaith, Dorsa Ghiassi, B. C. Giebner, Dalton Gilmartin, Connor B. Gilpatrick, Michael Gjini, Olivia Golden, Nathan T. Golding, C. A. Goldsberry, Angel R. Gomez, Angel A. Gomez, Sean Gopalakrishnan, Mariam Gopalani, Nicholas Gotlib, Alaina S. Graham, Michael J Gray, Alannah H. Gregory, Joshua A. Gregory, Kristyn Grell, Justus Griego, Nicholas F. Griffin, Kyle J. Griffin, Matt Guerrero, Nicole Gunderson, Mutian Guo, E. R. Gustavsson, Grace K. Hach, L. N. Haile, Jessica Haines, Jack J. Mc Hale, Ryder Buchanan Hales, Mark S. Haley, Jacqueline L. Hall, Sean R. Hamilton, Soonhee Han, Tyler Hand, Luke C. Hanley, Connor M Hansen, Joshua A. Hansen, Jonathan Hansson, Tony Yunfei Hao, Nicholas Haratsaris, Isabelle Hardie, Dillon F. Hardwick, Cameron T. Hares, Logan Swous Harris, Coyle M. Harris, Omer Hart, Kyle Hashiro, Elsie Hattendorf, Calder Haubrich, Elijah Hawat, Griffin A. Hayrynen, Danielle A. Heintz, Tim Hellweg, Angel Hernandez, Emanuel Herrera, Robert N. Herrington, Tim Herwig, Troy M. Hesse, Quinn Hiatt, Lea Pearl Hibbard, Imari R. Hicks, Andrew J. Hicks, Nigel Highhouse, Annalise K. Hildebrand, Paula Hill, Hallie Hill, Evan Hintsa, Anna E. Hirschmann, Travis Hitt, Ella Ho, Isabelle J. Hoff, Alex Hoffman, Blake A. Hogen, Linda Horne, Timothy J Houck, Noah H. Howell, E. M. Hrudka, J. Hu, Jianyang Huang, Chenqi Huang, Shancheng Huang, Zachary A. Hudson, Nathan C. Hudson, Tyler J. Huebsch, Owen Hull, Samuel C Hunter, Troy Husted, Abigail P. Hutabarat, Leslie Huynh, Antonio E. Samour Ii, Yolande Idoine, Julia A. Ingram, Taro Iovan, Samuel A. Isert, Antonio Salcido-Alcontar, Thomas Jacobsen, Alan A Jaimes, Connor Jameson, J. R. Jarriel, Sam Jarvis, Josh Jenkins, Alexander V. Jensen, Jacob Jeong, Luke A. Jeseritz, Trevor Jesse, Soo Yeun Ji, Yufan Jiang, Owen Johnson, Matthew Johnson, Sawyer Johnson, Julia Johnston, Braedon Y. Johnston, Olivia M. Jones, M. R. Jones, Tara Jourabchi, Tony A. House, Parker Juels, Sabrina J. H. T. Kainz, Emily Kaiser, Nicolas Ian Kallemeyn, Madison H. Kalmus, Etash Kalra, Margaret Kamenetskiy, Jeerakit Kanokthippayakun, Shaun D. Kapla, Brennan J. Karsh, Caden J. Keating, Morgan A. Kelley, Michael P. Kelley, Nicholas Kelly, James Kelly, Teagan Kelly, Christopher M Kelly, Kellen Kennedy, Cayla J. Kennedy, Forrest Kennedy, Abigail Kennedy, Liana Kerr-Layton, Marilyn Ketterer, Ibraheem A. Khan, Usman Khan, Sapriya Khanal, Jack L. Kiechlin, Dominic Killian, Kevin Kim, Brian T. Kim, Matthew M. Kim, Jake Kim, Aspen Kimlicko, Isabel M Kipp, Hunter B. Kirkpatrick, Natalie Kissner, Emily R. Kite, Olivia R. Kleinhaus, Philip Whiting Knott, Will Koch, Greta Koenig, Emily Koke, Thomas Kokes, Yash S. Kothamdi, Zack Krajnak, Zoe M. Kresek, Dylan Kriegman, Jake E. Kritzberg, Davis J. Krueger, Bartlomiej Kubiak, Kirsten Kuehl, Chrisanne Kuester, Nicolas A. Kuiper, Aman Priyadarshi Kumar, Connor Kuybus, Daniel Kwiatkowski, Quintin Y. Lafemina, Kevin Lacjak, Kyle Lahmers, Antonia Lam, Kalin Landrey, Maxwell B. Lantz, Zachary Larter, Benjamin P. Lau, Megan Lauzon, Rian Lawlor, Tyler Learned, E. C. Lee, Junwon Lee, Adrianna J. Lee, Justin Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan Lee, Christian J Lee, Nathaniel F. Lee, Linzhi Leiker, Dylan Lengerich, Cecilia Leoni, Adrienne R. Lezak, David Y. Li, Isaac Li, Ryan Z. Liao, Bridget Linders, Morgan I Linger, Katherine B. Linnane, Sam Lippincott, Barrett Lister, Shelby D Litton, Nianzi Liu, Steven Y. Liu, Timothy W. Logan, Nathan Londres, Mia C. Lonergan, Emily Lookhoff, N. E. Loomis, Christian Lopez, Justin Loring, Jeffrey Lucca, Dax Lukianow, Nathan M. Cheang, William Macdonald, Claire A. Madonna, Kasey O. Madsen, Tiffany E. Maksimuk, Macguire Mallory, Ryan A. Malone, Blake Maly, Xander R. Manzanares, Aimee S. Maravi, Serafima M. Marcus, Nasreen Marikar, Josie A. Marquez, Mathew J. Marquez, Lauren Marsh, Toni Marsh, Logan S. Martin, Alexa M. Martinez, Jose R. Martinez, Hazelia K. Martinez, Cara Martyr, Mirna Masri, Giorgio Matessi, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Randi M. Mathieson, Kabir P. Mathur, Graham Mauer, Victoria A. Mayer, Liam Mazzotta, Glen S. Mccammon, Rowan Mcconvey, Tyler Mccormick, Andrew Mccoy, Kelleen Mcentee, Meaghan V. Mcgarvey, Riley M. Mcgill, James K. Mcintyre, Finbar K. Mckemey, Zane Mcmorris, Jesse J. Mcmullan, Ella Mcquaid, Caden Mcvey, Kyle Mccurry, Mateo M. Medellin, Melissa Medialdea, Amar Mehidic, Stella Meillon, Jonah B. Meiselman-Ashen, Sarah Mellett, Dominic Menassa, Citlali Mendez, Patricia Mendoza-Anselmi, Riley Menke, Sarah Mesgina, William J. Mewhirter, Ethan Meyer, Aya M. Miften, Ethan J. Miles, Andrew Miller, Joshua B. Miller, Emily B. Millican, Sarah J. Millican, Dylan P. Mills, Josh Minimo, Jay H. Misener, Alexander J. Mitchell, Alexander Z. Mizzi, Luis Molina-Saenz, Tyler S Moll, Hayden Moll, Maximus Montano, Michael Montoya, Eli Monyek, Jacqueline Rodriguez Mora, Gavin Morales, Genaro Morales, Annalise M. Morelock, Cora Morency, Angel J. Moreno, Remy Morgan, Alexander P. Moss, Brandon A. Muckenthaler, Alexander Mueller, Owen T. Mulcahy, Aria T. Mundy, Alexis A. Muniz, Maxwell J. Murphy, Madalyn C. Murphy, Ryan C. Murphy, Tyler Murrel, Andrew J. Musgrave, Michael S. Myer, Kshmya Nandu, Elena R. Napoletano, Abdulaziz Naqi, Anoothi Narayan, Liebe Nasser, Brenna K Neeland, Molly Nehring, Maya Li Nelson, Lena P. Nguyen, Lena Nguyen, Leonardo Nguyen, Valerie A. Nguyen, Khoa D Nguyen, Kelso Norden, Cooper Norris, Dario Nunes-Valdes, Rosemary O. Nussbaum, Cian O’Sullivan, Ian O’Neill, S. H. Oakes, Anand Odbayar, Caleb Ogle, Sean Oishi-Holder, Nicholas Olguin, Nathaniel P. Olson, Jason Ong, Elena N. Opp, Dan Orbidan, Ryan Oros, Althea E. Ort, Matthew Osborn, Austin Osogwin, Grant Otto, Jessica Oudakker, Igor Overchuk, Hannah M. Padgette, Jacqueline Padilla, Mallory Palizzi, Madeleine L. Palmgren, Adler Palos, Luke J. Pan, Nathan L. Parker, Sasha R. Parker, Evan J. Parkinson, Anish Parulekar, Paige J. Pastor, Kajal Patel, Akhil Patel, Neil S. Patel, Samuel Patti, Catherine Patton, Genevieve K. Payne, Matthew P. Payne, Harrison M. Pearl, Charles B. Beck Von Peccoz, Alexander J. Pedersen, Lily M. Pelster, Munisettha E. Peou, J. S. Perez, Freddy Perez, Anneliese Pesce, Audrey J. Petersen, B. Peterson, Romeo S. L. Petric, Joshua Pettine, Ethan J. Phalen, Alexander V. Pham, Denise M. Phan, Callie C Pherigo, Lance Phillips, Justin Phillips, Krista Phommatha, Alex Pietras, Tawanchai P. Pine, Sedique Pitsuean-Meier, Andrew M. Pixley, Will Plantz, William C. Plummer, Kaitlyn E. Plutt, Audrey E. Plzak, Kyle Pohle, Hyden Polikoff, Matthew Pollard, Madelyn Polly, Trevor J. Porter, David Price, Nicholas K. Price, Gale H. Prinster, Henry Austin Propper, Josh Quarderer, Megan S. Quinn, Oliver Quinonez, Devon Quispe, Cameron Ragsdale, Anna L. Rahn, M. Rakhmonova, Anoush K Ralapanawe, Nidhi Ramachandra, Nathaniel Ramirez, Ariana C. Ramirez, Sacha Ramirez, Parker Randolph, Anurag Ranjan, Frederick C Rankin, Sarah Grace Rapaport, Nicholas O Ratajczyk, Mia G. V. Ray, Brian D. Reagan, John C. Recchia, Brooklyn J. Reddy, Joseph Reed, Charlie Reed, Justin Reeves, Eileen N. Reh, Ferin J. Von Reich, Andrea B. Reyna, Alexander Reynolds, Hope Reynolds, Matthew Rippel, Guillermo A. Rivas, Anna Linnea Rives, Amanda M. Robert, Samuel M. Robertson, Maeve Rodgers, Stewart Rojec, Andres C. Romero, Ryan Rosasco, Beth Rossman, Michael Rotter, Tyndall Rounsefell, Charlotte Rouse, Allie C. Routledge, Marc G. Roy, Zoe A. Roy, Ryan Ruger, Kendall Ruggles-Delgado, Ian C. Rule, Madigan Rumley, Brenton M. Runyon, Collin Ruprecht, Bowman Russell, Sloan Russell, Diana Ryder, David Saeb, J. Salazar, Violeta Salazar, Maxwell Saldi, Jose A. Salgado, Adam D. Salindeho, Ethan S. Sanchez, Gustavo Sanchez-Sanchez, Darian Sarfaraz, Sucheta Sarkar, Ginn A. Sato, Carl Savage, Marcus T. Schaller, Benjamin T. Scheck, Jared A. W. Schlenker, Matthew J Schofer, Stephanie H. Schubert, Courtney Schultze, Grace K Schumacher, Kasper Seglem, Lauren Serio, Octave Seux, Hannan Shahba, Callie D. Shannahan, Shajesh Sharma, Nathan Shaver, Timothy Shaw, Arlee K. Shelby, Emma Shelby, Grace Shelchuk, Tucker Sheldrake, Daniel P. Sherry, Kyle Z. Shi, Amanda M. Shields, Kyungeun Shin, Michael C. Shockley, Dominick Shoha, Jadon Shortman, Mitchell Shuttleworth, Lisa Sibrell, Molly G. Sickler, Nathan Siles, H. K. Silvester, Conor Simmons, Dylan M. Simone, Anna Simone, Savi Singh, Maya A. Singh, Madeline Sinkovic, Leo Sipowicz, Chris Sjoroos, Ryan Slocum, Colin Slyne, Korben Smart, Alexandra N. Smith, Kelly Smith, Corey Smith, Elena K. Smith, Samantha M. Smith, Percy Smith, Trevor J Smith, G. L. Snyder, Daniel A. Soby, Arman S. Sohail, William J. Solorio, Lincoln Solt, Caitlin Soon, Ava A Spangler, Benjamin C. Spicer, Ashish Srivastava, Emily Stamos, Peter Starbuck, Ethan K. Stark, Travis Starling, Caitlyn Staudenmier, Sheen L. Steinbarth, Christopher H. Steinsberger, Tyler Stepaniak, Ellie N. Steward, Trey Stewart, T. C. Stewart, Cooper N. Stratmeyer, Grant L. Stratton, Jordin L. Stribling, S. A Sulaiman, Brandon J Sullivan, M. E. Sundell, Sohan N. Sur, Rohan Suri, Jason R. Swartz, Joshua D. Sweeney, Konner Syed, Emi Szabo, Philip Szeremeta, Michael-Tan D. Ta, Nolan C. Tanguma, Kyle Taulman, Nicole Taylor, Eleanor Taylor, Liam C. Taylor, K. E. Tayman, Yesica Tellez, Richard Terrile, Corey D Tesdahl, Quinn N. Thielmann, Gerig Thoman, Daniel Thomas, Jeffrey J. Thomas, William N. Thompson, Noah R. Thornally, Darien P. Tobin, Kelly Ton, Nathaniel J. Toon, Kevin Tran, Bryn Tran, Maedee Trank-Greene, Emily D. Trautwein, Robert B. Traxler, Judah Tressler, Tyson R. Trofino, Thomas Troisi, Benjamin L. Trunko, Joshua K. Truong, Julia Tucker, Thomas D Umbricht, C. H. Uphoff, Zachary T. Upthegrove, Shreenija Vadayar, Whitney Valencia, Mia M. Vallery, Eleanor Vanetten, John D. Vann, Ilian Varela, Alexandr Vassilyev, Nicholas J. Vaver, Anjali A. Velamala, Evan Vendetti, Nancy Ortiz Venegas, Aditya V. Vepa, Marcus T. Vess, Jenna S. Veta, Andrew Victory, Jessica Vinson, Connor Maklain Vogel, Michaela Wagoner, Steven P. Wallace, Logan Wallace, Caroline Waller, Jiawei Wang, Keenan Warble, N. R. D. Ward-Chene, James Adam Watson, Robert J. Weber, Aidan B. Wegner, Anthony A Weigand, Amanda M. Weiner, Ayana West, Ethan Benjamin Wexler, Nicola H. Wheeler, Jamison R. White, Zachary White, Oliver S. White, Lloyd C. Whittall, Isaac Wilcove, Blake C. Wilkinson, John S. Willard, Abigail K. Williams, Sajan Williams, Orion K. Wilson, Evan M. Wilson, Timothy R. Wilson, Connor B. Wilson, Briahn Witkoff, Aubrey M. Wolfe, Jackson R. Wolle, Travis M. Wood, Aiden L. Woodard, Katelynn Wootten, Catherine Xiao, Jianing Yang, Zhanchao Yang, Trenton J. Young, Isabel Young, Thomas Zenner, Jiaqi Zhang, Tianwei Zhao, Tiannie Zhao, Noah Y. Zhao, Chongrui Zhou, Josh J Ziebold, Lucas J. Ziegler, James C. Zygmunt, Jinhua Zhang, H. J. Lewandowski. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (2): 71 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/accc89

The research represents a nearly-unprecedented feat of data analysis: From 2020 to 2022, the small army of mostly first- and second-year students examined the physics of more than 600 real solar flares — gigantic eruptions of energy from the sun’s roiling corona.

The researchers, including 995 undergraduate and graduate students, published their finding May 9 in The Astrophysical Journal. The results suggest that solar flares may not be responsible for superheating the sun’s corona, as a popular theory in astrophysics suggests.

“We really wanted to emphasize to these students that they were doing actual scientific research,” said James Mason, lead author of the study and an astrophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Study co-author Heather Lewandowski agreed, noting that the study wouldn’t be possible without the undergrads who contributed an estimated 56,000 hours of work to the project.

“It was a massive effort from everyone involved,” said Lewandowski, professor of physics and fellow of JILA, a joint research institute between CU Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Campfire physics

The study zeroes in on a mystery that has left even senior astrophysicists scratching their heads.

Telescope observations suggest that the sun’s corona sizzles at temperatures of millions of degrees Fahrenheit. The surface of the sun, in contrast, is much cooler, registering only in the thousands of degrees.

“That’s like standing right in front of a campfire, and as you back away, it gets a lot hotter,” Mason said. “It makes no sense.”

Some scientists suspect that especially tiny flares, or “nanoflares,” which are too small for even the most advanced telescopes to spot, may be responsible. If such events exist, they may pop up across the sun on a nearly constant basis. And, the theory goes, they could add up to make the corona toasty. Think of boiling a pot of water using thousands of individual matches.

The students’ results cast doubt on this theory, Mason said, although he thinks it’s too early to say for sure.

“I was hoping our result was going to be different. I still feel like nanoflares are an important driver of coronal heating,” Mason said. “But the evidence from our paper suggests the opposite. I’m a scientist. I have to go where the evidence is pointing.”

Peak pandemic times

The effort began at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In spring 2020, CU Boulder, like most universities around the country, had moved its courses entirely online. Lewandowski, however, faced a predicament: She was teaching a class on hands-on research called “Experimental Physics I” that fall, and she had nothing for her students to do.

“This was peak pandemic times,” Lewandowski said. “It’s sometimes hard to remember back to what life was like then. These students were very isolated. They were really stressed.”

Mason, who was then a researcher at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulder, offered an idea.

The scientist had long wanted to dig into the mathematics of solar flares. In particular, he had tried examining a dataset of thousands of flares that occurred between 2011 and 2018 and had been spotted by instruments in space. They included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series and NASA’s Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS), a CubeSat mission designed and built at LASP.

The problem: There were just too many flares to examine on his own.

That’s when Mason and Lewandowski turned to the students for help.

Mason explained that you can infer details about the behavior of nanoflares by studying the physics of larger flares, which scientists have observed directly for decades.

To do just that, students split into groups of three or four and picked a normal flare they wanted to analyze over the course of the semester. Then, through a series of lengthy calculations, they added up how much heat could each of these events pour into the sun’s corona.

Their calculations painted a clear picture: The sum of the sun’s nanoflares likely wouldn’t be powerful enough to heat up its corona to millions of degrees Fahrenheit.

Educational experiences

What is making the corona so hot isn’t clear. A competing theory suggests that waves in the sun’s magnetic field carry energy from inside the sun to its atmosphere.

But the study’s actual findings aren’t its only important results. Lewandowski said her students were able to have opportunities that are rare for scientists and engineers so early in their careers — to learn first-hand about the collaborative and often-messy way that scientific research works in the real world.

“We still hear students talking about this course in the halls,” she said. “Our students were able to build a community and support each other at a time that was really tough.”

CU Boulder co-authors of the new study include Alexandra Werth, postdoctoral researcher at JILA; Colin West, teaching associate professor in physics; Allison Youngblood, astrophysicist at LASP now at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Donald Woodraska, data systems team lead at LASP; and Courtney Peck, data systems software engineer at LASP and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).

Funding for the research came from NASA through the MinXSS mission and the U.S. National Science Foundation through the STROBE Science & Technology Center and JILA Physics Frontier Center.

We want to say thanks to the author of this post for this outstanding material

How 1,000 undergraduates helped solve an enduring mystery about the sun

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";}s:7:"summary";s:681:"Journal Reference: James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney L. Peck, Arvind J. Aradhya, Yijian Cai, David Chaparro, James W. Erikson, Koushik Ganesan, T. R. Geerdts, Thi D Hoang, Thomas M. Horning, Yan Jin, Haixin Liu, Noah Lordi, Zheng Luo, Thanmay S. Menon, Josephine C. Meyer, Emma E ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:23771:"

Journal Reference:

  1. James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney L. Peck, Arvind J. Aradhya, Yijian Cai, David Chaparro, James W. Erikson, Koushik Ganesan, T. R. Geerdts, Thi D Hoang, Thomas M. Horning, Yan Jin, Haixin Liu, Noah Lordi, Zheng Luo, Thanmay S. Menon, Josephine C. Meyer, Emma E Nelson, Kristin A. Oliver, Jorge L Ramirez Ortiz, Andrew Osborne, Alyx Patterson, Nick Pellatz, John Pitten, Nanako Shitara, Daniel Steckhahn, Aseem Visal, Hongda Wang, Chaoran Wang, Evan Wickenden, John Wilson, Mengyu Wu, Nikolay Yegovtsev, Ingrid H Zimmermann, James Holland Aaron, Jumana T. Abdullah, Jonathan M. Abrams, Riley Abrashoff, Andres B. Acevedo, Iker Acha, Daniela M. Meza Acosta, Megan M. Adam, Dante Q. Adams, Kalvyn N Adams, Elena R Adams, Zainab A. Akbar, Ushmi H. Akruwala, Adel Al-Ghazwi, Batool H. Alabbas, Areej A. Alawadhi, Yazeed A. Alharbi, Mohammed S. Alahmed, Mohammed A. Albakr, Yusef J. Albalushi, Jonathan Albaum, Ahmed Aldhamen, Nolan Ales, Mohammad Alesmail, Abdulelah Alhabeeb, Dania Alhamli, Isehaq Alhuseini, Suhail Alkaabi, Tameem Alkhezzi, Mohamed Alkubaisi, Nasser Allanqawi, Martin Allsbrook, Yousef A. Almohsen, Justin Thomas Almquist, Teeb Alnaji, Yousef A Alnasrallah, Nicholas Alonzi, Meshal Alosaimi, Emeen Alqabani, Mohammad Alrubaie, Reema A. Alsinan, Ava L. Altenbern, Abdullah Altokhais, Saleh A. Alyami, Federico Ameijenda, Hamzi Amer, Meggan Amos, Hunter J. Anderson, Carter Andrew, Jesse C Andringa, Abigail Angwin, Gabreece Van Anne, Andrew Aramians, Camila Villamil Arango, Jack. W. Archibald, Brian A. Arias-Robles, Maryam Aryan, Kevin Ash, Justin Astalos, N. S. Atchley-Rivers, Dakota N. Augenstein, Bryce W. Austin, Abhinav Avula, Matthew C. Aycock, Abdulrahman A. Baflah, Sahana Balaji, Brian Balajonda, Leo M Balcer, James O. Baldwin, David J Banda, Titus Bard, Abby Barmore, Grant M. Barnes, Logan D. W. Barnhart, Kevin M. Barone, Jessica L. Bartman, Claire Bassel, Catalina S Bastias, Batchimeg Bat-Ulzii, Jasleen Batra, Lexi Battist, Joshua Bay, Simone Beach, Sara Beard, Quinn I Beato, Ryan Beattie, Thomas Beatty, Tristan De La Beaujardiere, Jacob N. Beauprez, M. G. Beck, Lily Beck, Simone E. Becker, Braden Behr, Timothy A. Behrer, Joshua Beijer, Brennan J. Belei, Annelene L. Belknap, Aislyn Bell, Caden Bence, Evan Benke, Naomi Berhanu, Zachary D. Berriman-Rozen, Chrisanna Bertuccio, Owen A. Berv, Blaine B. Biediger, Samuel J Biehle, Brennen Billig, Jacob Billingsley, Jayce A. Billman, Connor J. Biron, Gabrielle E. Bisacca, Cassidy A. Blake, Guillermo Blandon, Olivia Blevins, Ethan Blouin, Michal Bodzianowski, Taylor A. Boeyink, Matthew Bondar, Lauren Bone, Alberto Espinosa De Los Monteros Bonilla, William T Borelli, Luke R. Borgerding, Troy Bowen, Christine Boyer, Aidan Boyer, Aidan P. Boyle, Tom Boyne, Donovan Branch, Ariana E. Brecl, David J. Brennan, Alexander J Brimhall, Jennifer L. Brockman, Sarah Brookins, Gabriel T. Brown, Cameron L. Brown, Ryan Brown, Jordi Brownlow, Grant Brumage-Heller, Preston J. Brumley, Samuel Bryan, A. Brzostowicz, Maryam Buhamad, Gigi Bullard-Connor, J. R. Ramirez Bunsow, Annemarie C. Burns, John J. Burritt, Nicholas David Burton, Taylor Burton, Celeste Busch, Dylan R. Butler, B. W. Buxton, Malena C. Toups, Carter C. Cabbage, Breonna Cage, Jackson R. Cahn, Andrew J Campbell, Braden P. Canales, Alejandro R. Cancio, Luke Carey, Emma L. Carillion, Michael Andrew Carpender, Emily Carpenter, Shivank Chadda, Paige Chambers, Jasey Chanders, Olivia M. Chandler, Ethan C. Chang, Mitchell G. Chapman, Logan T. Chapman, S. Chavali, Luis Chavez, Kevin Chen, Lily Chen, Sam Chen, Judy Chen, Jenisha Chhetri, Bradyn Chiles, Kayla M. Chizmar, Katherine E Christiansen, Nicholas A. Cisne, Alexis Cisneros, David B. Clark, Evelyn Clarke, Peter C Clarkson, Alexis R. Clausi, Brooke Cochran, Ryan W. Coe, Aislinn Coleman-Plante, Jake R. Colleran, Zachary Colleran, Curran Collier, Nathaniel A. Collins, Sarah Collins, Jack C. Collins, Michael Colozzi, Aurora Colter, Rebecca A. Cone, Thomas C. Conroy, Reese Conti, Charles J. Contizano, Destiny J. Cool, Nicholas M. Cooper, Jessica S Corbitt, Jonas Courtney, Olivia Courtney, Corben L. Cox, Wilmsen B. Craig, Joshua B. Creany, Anastasia Crews, K. A. Crocker, A. J. Croteau, Christian J. Crow, Zoe Cruse, Avril Cruz, Tyler L. Curnow, Hayden Current, Riley T. Curry, Libby Cutler, Aidan St. Cyr, Frederick M. Dabberdt, Johnston Daboub, Olivia Damgaard, Swagatam Das, Emma A. B. Davis, Elyse Debarros, Sean Deel, Megan E. Delasantos, Tianyue Deng, Zachary Derwin, Om Desai, Kai Dewey, John S. Dias, Kenzie A. Dice, R. Dick, Cyrus A. Dicken, Henry Dietrick, Alexis M. Dinser, Alyssa M. Dixon, Thomas J. Dixon, Helen C. Do, Chris H Doan, Connor Doane, Joshua Dodrill, Timothy Doermer, Lizbeth Montoya Dominguez, J. Dominguez, Emerson N. Domke, Caroline R. Doran, Jackson A. Dorr, Philip Dorricott, Danielle C. Dresdner, Michael Driscoll, Kailer H. Driscoll, Sheridan J. Duncan, Christian Dunlap, Gabrielle M. Dunn, Tien Q. Duong, Tomi Oshima Dupeyron, Peter Dvorak, Andrew East, Andrew N. East, Bree Edwards, Lauren Ehrlich, Sara I. Elbashir, Rasce Engelhardt, Jacob Engelstad, Colin England, Andrew Enrich, Abbey Erickson, Benjamin Erickson, Nathan Evans, Calvin A Ewing, Elizabeth A. Eyeson, Ian Faber, Avery M. Fails, John T Fauntleroy, Kevin Fell, Zitian Feng, Logan D. Fenwick, Nikita Feoktistov, Ryann Fife, John Alfred D. Figueirinhas, Jean-Paul Fisch, Emmalee Fischer, Jules Fischer-White, Aidan F. Fitton, Alexander Fix, Lydia Flackett, Fernando Flores, Aidan Floyd, Leonardo Del Foco, Adeduni Folarin, Aidan E. Forbes, Elise Fortino, Benjamin L. Fougere, Alexandra A. Fowler, Margaret Fox, James M. French, Katherine V. French, Florian G. Frick, Calvin R. Fuchs, Bethany E. S. Fuhrman, Sebastian Furney, Moutamen Gabir, Gabriela Galarraga, Skylar Gale, Keala C. Gapin, A. J. Garscadden, Rachel Gasser, Lily Gayou, Emily E. Gearhart, Jane Geisman, Julianne R. Geneser, Sl Genne, Julia G Gentile, Eleanor Gentry, Jacob D. George, Nathaniel James Georgiades, Phillip Gerhardstein, Clint Gersabeck, Bandar Abu Ghaith, Dorsa Ghiassi, B. C. Giebner, Dalton Gilmartin, Connor B. Gilpatrick, Michael Gjini, Olivia Golden, Nathan T. Golding, C. A. Goldsberry, Angel R. Gomez, Angel A. Gomez, Sean Gopalakrishnan, Mariam Gopalani, Nicholas Gotlib, Alaina S. Graham, Michael J Gray, Alannah H. Gregory, Joshua A. Gregory, Kristyn Grell, Justus Griego, Nicholas F. Griffin, Kyle J. Griffin, Matt Guerrero, Nicole Gunderson, Mutian Guo, E. R. Gustavsson, Grace K. Hach, L. N. Haile, Jessica Haines, Jack J. Mc Hale, Ryder Buchanan Hales, Mark S. Haley, Jacqueline L. Hall, Sean R. Hamilton, Soonhee Han, Tyler Hand, Luke C. Hanley, Connor M Hansen, Joshua A. Hansen, Jonathan Hansson, Tony Yunfei Hao, Nicholas Haratsaris, Isabelle Hardie, Dillon F. Hardwick, Cameron T. Hares, Logan Swous Harris, Coyle M. Harris, Omer Hart, Kyle Hashiro, Elsie Hattendorf, Calder Haubrich, Elijah Hawat, Griffin A. Hayrynen, Danielle A. Heintz, Tim Hellweg, Angel Hernandez, Emanuel Herrera, Robert N. Herrington, Tim Herwig, Troy M. Hesse, Quinn Hiatt, Lea Pearl Hibbard, Imari R. Hicks, Andrew J. Hicks, Nigel Highhouse, Annalise K. Hildebrand, Paula Hill, Hallie Hill, Evan Hintsa, Anna E. Hirschmann, Travis Hitt, Ella Ho, Isabelle J. Hoff, Alex Hoffman, Blake A. Hogen, Linda Horne, Timothy J Houck, Noah H. Howell, E. M. Hrudka, J. Hu, Jianyang Huang, Chenqi Huang, Shancheng Huang, Zachary A. Hudson, Nathan C. Hudson, Tyler J. Huebsch, Owen Hull, Samuel C Hunter, Troy Husted, Abigail P. Hutabarat, Leslie Huynh, Antonio E. Samour Ii, Yolande Idoine, Julia A. Ingram, Taro Iovan, Samuel A. Isert, Antonio Salcido-Alcontar, Thomas Jacobsen, Alan A Jaimes, Connor Jameson, J. R. Jarriel, Sam Jarvis, Josh Jenkins, Alexander V. Jensen, Jacob Jeong, Luke A. Jeseritz, Trevor Jesse, Soo Yeun Ji, Yufan Jiang, Owen Johnson, Matthew Johnson, Sawyer Johnson, Julia Johnston, Braedon Y. Johnston, Olivia M. Jones, M. R. Jones, Tara Jourabchi, Tony A. House, Parker Juels, Sabrina J. H. T. Kainz, Emily Kaiser, Nicolas Ian Kallemeyn, Madison H. Kalmus, Etash Kalra, Margaret Kamenetskiy, Jeerakit Kanokthippayakun, Shaun D. Kapla, Brennan J. Karsh, Caden J. Keating, Morgan A. Kelley, Michael P. Kelley, Nicholas Kelly, James Kelly, Teagan Kelly, Christopher M Kelly, Kellen Kennedy, Cayla J. Kennedy, Forrest Kennedy, Abigail Kennedy, Liana Kerr-Layton, Marilyn Ketterer, Ibraheem A. Khan, Usman Khan, Sapriya Khanal, Jack L. Kiechlin, Dominic Killian, Kevin Kim, Brian T. Kim, Matthew M. Kim, Jake Kim, Aspen Kimlicko, Isabel M Kipp, Hunter B. Kirkpatrick, Natalie Kissner, Emily R. Kite, Olivia R. Kleinhaus, Philip Whiting Knott, Will Koch, Greta Koenig, Emily Koke, Thomas Kokes, Yash S. Kothamdi, Zack Krajnak, Zoe M. Kresek, Dylan Kriegman, Jake E. Kritzberg, Davis J. Krueger, Bartlomiej Kubiak, Kirsten Kuehl, Chrisanne Kuester, Nicolas A. Kuiper, Aman Priyadarshi Kumar, Connor Kuybus, Daniel Kwiatkowski, Quintin Y. Lafemina, Kevin Lacjak, Kyle Lahmers, Antonia Lam, Kalin Landrey, Maxwell B. Lantz, Zachary Larter, Benjamin P. Lau, Megan Lauzon, Rian Lawlor, Tyler Learned, E. C. Lee, Junwon Lee, Adrianna J. Lee, Justin Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan Lee, Christian J Lee, Nathaniel F. Lee, Linzhi Leiker, Dylan Lengerich, Cecilia Leoni, Adrienne R. Lezak, David Y. Li, Isaac Li, Ryan Z. Liao, Bridget Linders, Morgan I Linger, Katherine B. Linnane, Sam Lippincott, Barrett Lister, Shelby D Litton, Nianzi Liu, Steven Y. Liu, Timothy W. Logan, Nathan Londres, Mia C. Lonergan, Emily Lookhoff, N. E. Loomis, Christian Lopez, Justin Loring, Jeffrey Lucca, Dax Lukianow, Nathan M. Cheang, William Macdonald, Claire A. Madonna, Kasey O. Madsen, Tiffany E. Maksimuk, Macguire Mallory, Ryan A. Malone, Blake Maly, Xander R. Manzanares, Aimee S. Maravi, Serafima M. Marcus, Nasreen Marikar, Josie A. Marquez, Mathew J. Marquez, Lauren Marsh, Toni Marsh, Logan S. Martin, Alexa M. Martinez, Jose R. Martinez, Hazelia K. Martinez, Cara Martyr, Mirna Masri, Giorgio Matessi, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Randi M. Mathieson, Kabir P. Mathur, Graham Mauer, Victoria A. Mayer, Liam Mazzotta, Glen S. Mccammon, Rowan Mcconvey, Tyler Mccormick, Andrew Mccoy, Kelleen Mcentee, Meaghan V. Mcgarvey, Riley M. Mcgill, James K. Mcintyre, Finbar K. Mckemey, Zane Mcmorris, Jesse J. Mcmullan, Ella Mcquaid, Caden Mcvey, Kyle Mccurry, Mateo M. Medellin, Melissa Medialdea, Amar Mehidic, Stella Meillon, Jonah B. Meiselman-Ashen, Sarah Mellett, Dominic Menassa, Citlali Mendez, Patricia Mendoza-Anselmi, Riley Menke, Sarah Mesgina, William J. Mewhirter, Ethan Meyer, Aya M. Miften, Ethan J. Miles, Andrew Miller, Joshua B. Miller, Emily B. Millican, Sarah J. Millican, Dylan P. Mills, Josh Minimo, Jay H. Misener, Alexander J. Mitchell, Alexander Z. Mizzi, Luis Molina-Saenz, Tyler S Moll, Hayden Moll, Maximus Montano, Michael Montoya, Eli Monyek, Jacqueline Rodriguez Mora, Gavin Morales, Genaro Morales, Annalise M. Morelock, Cora Morency, Angel J. Moreno, Remy Morgan, Alexander P. Moss, Brandon A. Muckenthaler, Alexander Mueller, Owen T. Mulcahy, Aria T. Mundy, Alexis A. Muniz, Maxwell J. Murphy, Madalyn C. Murphy, Ryan C. Murphy, Tyler Murrel, Andrew J. Musgrave, Michael S. Myer, Kshmya Nandu, Elena R. Napoletano, Abdulaziz Naqi, Anoothi Narayan, Liebe Nasser, Brenna K Neeland, Molly Nehring, Maya Li Nelson, Lena P. Nguyen, Lena Nguyen, Leonardo Nguyen, Valerie A. Nguyen, Khoa D Nguyen, Kelso Norden, Cooper Norris, Dario Nunes-Valdes, Rosemary O. Nussbaum, Cian O’Sullivan, Ian O’Neill, S. H. Oakes, Anand Odbayar, Caleb Ogle, Sean Oishi-Holder, Nicholas Olguin, Nathaniel P. Olson, Jason Ong, Elena N. Opp, Dan Orbidan, Ryan Oros, Althea E. Ort, Matthew Osborn, Austin Osogwin, Grant Otto, Jessica Oudakker, Igor Overchuk, Hannah M. Padgette, Jacqueline Padilla, Mallory Palizzi, Madeleine L. Palmgren, Adler Palos, Luke J. Pan, Nathan L. Parker, Sasha R. Parker, Evan J. Parkinson, Anish Parulekar, Paige J. Pastor, Kajal Patel, Akhil Patel, Neil S. Patel, Samuel Patti, Catherine Patton, Genevieve K. Payne, Matthew P. Payne, Harrison M. Pearl, Charles B. Beck Von Peccoz, Alexander J. Pedersen, Lily M. Pelster, Munisettha E. Peou, J. S. Perez, Freddy Perez, Anneliese Pesce, Audrey J. Petersen, B. Peterson, Romeo S. L. Petric, Joshua Pettine, Ethan J. Phalen, Alexander V. Pham, Denise M. Phan, Callie C Pherigo, Lance Phillips, Justin Phillips, Krista Phommatha, Alex Pietras, Tawanchai P. Pine, Sedique Pitsuean-Meier, Andrew M. Pixley, Will Plantz, William C. Plummer, Kaitlyn E. Plutt, Audrey E. Plzak, Kyle Pohle, Hyden Polikoff, Matthew Pollard, Madelyn Polly, Trevor J. Porter, David Price, Nicholas K. Price, Gale H. Prinster, Henry Austin Propper, Josh Quarderer, Megan S. Quinn, Oliver Quinonez, Devon Quispe, Cameron Ragsdale, Anna L. Rahn, M. Rakhmonova, Anoush K Ralapanawe, Nidhi Ramachandra, Nathaniel Ramirez, Ariana C. Ramirez, Sacha Ramirez, Parker Randolph, Anurag Ranjan, Frederick C Rankin, Sarah Grace Rapaport, Nicholas O Ratajczyk, Mia G. V. Ray, Brian D. Reagan, John C. Recchia, Brooklyn J. Reddy, Joseph Reed, Charlie Reed, Justin Reeves, Eileen N. Reh, Ferin J. Von Reich, Andrea B. Reyna, Alexander Reynolds, Hope Reynolds, Matthew Rippel, Guillermo A. Rivas, Anna Linnea Rives, Amanda M. Robert, Samuel M. Robertson, Maeve Rodgers, Stewart Rojec, Andres C. Romero, Ryan Rosasco, Beth Rossman, Michael Rotter, Tyndall Rounsefell, Charlotte Rouse, Allie C. Routledge, Marc G. Roy, Zoe A. Roy, Ryan Ruger, Kendall Ruggles-Delgado, Ian C. Rule, Madigan Rumley, Brenton M. Runyon, Collin Ruprecht, Bowman Russell, Sloan Russell, Diana Ryder, David Saeb, J. Salazar, Violeta Salazar, Maxwell Saldi, Jose A. Salgado, Adam D. Salindeho, Ethan S. Sanchez, Gustavo Sanchez-Sanchez, Darian Sarfaraz, Sucheta Sarkar, Ginn A. Sato, Carl Savage, Marcus T. Schaller, Benjamin T. Scheck, Jared A. W. Schlenker, Matthew J Schofer, Stephanie H. Schubert, Courtney Schultze, Grace K Schumacher, Kasper Seglem, Lauren Serio, Octave Seux, Hannan Shahba, Callie D. Shannahan, Shajesh Sharma, Nathan Shaver, Timothy Shaw, Arlee K. Shelby, Emma Shelby, Grace Shelchuk, Tucker Sheldrake, Daniel P. Sherry, Kyle Z. Shi, Amanda M. Shields, Kyungeun Shin, Michael C. Shockley, Dominick Shoha, Jadon Shortman, Mitchell Shuttleworth, Lisa Sibrell, Molly G. Sickler, Nathan Siles, H. K. Silvester, Conor Simmons, Dylan M. Simone, Anna Simone, Savi Singh, Maya A. Singh, Madeline Sinkovic, Leo Sipowicz, Chris Sjoroos, Ryan Slocum, Colin Slyne, Korben Smart, Alexandra N. Smith, Kelly Smith, Corey Smith, Elena K. Smith, Samantha M. Smith, Percy Smith, Trevor J Smith, G. L. Snyder, Daniel A. Soby, Arman S. Sohail, William J. Solorio, Lincoln Solt, Caitlin Soon, Ava A Spangler, Benjamin C. Spicer, Ashish Srivastava, Emily Stamos, Peter Starbuck, Ethan K. Stark, Travis Starling, Caitlyn Staudenmier, Sheen L. Steinbarth, Christopher H. Steinsberger, Tyler Stepaniak, Ellie N. Steward, Trey Stewart, T. C. Stewart, Cooper N. Stratmeyer, Grant L. Stratton, Jordin L. Stribling, S. A Sulaiman, Brandon J Sullivan, M. E. Sundell, Sohan N. Sur, Rohan Suri, Jason R. Swartz, Joshua D. Sweeney, Konner Syed, Emi Szabo, Philip Szeremeta, Michael-Tan D. Ta, Nolan C. Tanguma, Kyle Taulman, Nicole Taylor, Eleanor Taylor, Liam C. Taylor, K. E. Tayman, Yesica Tellez, Richard Terrile, Corey D Tesdahl, Quinn N. Thielmann, Gerig Thoman, Daniel Thomas, Jeffrey J. Thomas, William N. Thompson, Noah R. Thornally, Darien P. Tobin, Kelly Ton, Nathaniel J. Toon, Kevin Tran, Bryn Tran, Maedee Trank-Greene, Emily D. Trautwein, Robert B. Traxler, Judah Tressler, Tyson R. Trofino, Thomas Troisi, Benjamin L. Trunko, Joshua K. Truong, Julia Tucker, Thomas D Umbricht, C. H. Uphoff, Zachary T. Upthegrove, Shreenija Vadayar, Whitney Valencia, Mia M. Vallery, Eleanor Vanetten, John D. Vann, Ilian Varela, Alexandr Vassilyev, Nicholas J. Vaver, Anjali A. Velamala, Evan Vendetti, Nancy Ortiz Venegas, Aditya V. Vepa, Marcus T. Vess, Jenna S. Veta, Andrew Victory, Jessica Vinson, Connor Maklain Vogel, Michaela Wagoner, Steven P. Wallace, Logan Wallace, Caroline Waller, Jiawei Wang, Keenan Warble, N. R. D. Ward-Chene, James Adam Watson, Robert J. Weber, Aidan B. Wegner, Anthony A Weigand, Amanda M. Weiner, Ayana West, Ethan Benjamin Wexler, Nicola H. Wheeler, Jamison R. White, Zachary White, Oliver S. White, Lloyd C. Whittall, Isaac Wilcove, Blake C. Wilkinson, John S. Willard, Abigail K. Williams, Sajan Williams, Orion K. Wilson, Evan M. Wilson, Timothy R. Wilson, Connor B. Wilson, Briahn Witkoff, Aubrey M. Wolfe, Jackson R. Wolle, Travis M. Wood, Aiden L. Woodard, Katelynn Wootten, Catherine Xiao, Jianing Yang, Zhanchao Yang, Trenton J. Young, Isabel Young, Thomas Zenner, Jiaqi Zhang, Tianwei Zhao, Tiannie Zhao, Noah Y. Zhao, Chongrui Zhou, Josh J Ziebold, Lucas J. Ziegler, James C. Zygmunt, Jinhua Zhang, H. J. Lewandowski. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (2): 71 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/accc89

The research represents a nearly-unprecedented feat of data analysis: From 2020 to 2022, the small army of mostly first- and second-year students examined the physics of more than 600 real solar flares — gigantic eruptions of energy from the sun’s roiling corona.

The researchers, including 995 undergraduate and graduate students, published their finding May 9 in The Astrophysical Journal. The results suggest that solar flares may not be responsible for superheating the sun’s corona, as a popular theory in astrophysics suggests.

“We really wanted to emphasize to these students that they were doing actual scientific research,” said James Mason, lead author of the study and an astrophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Study co-author Heather Lewandowski agreed, noting that the study wouldn’t be possible without the undergrads who contributed an estimated 56,000 hours of work to the project.

“It was a massive effort from everyone involved,” said Lewandowski, professor of physics and fellow of JILA, a joint research institute between CU Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Campfire physics

The study zeroes in on a mystery that has left even senior astrophysicists scratching their heads.

Telescope observations suggest that the sun’s corona sizzles at temperatures of millions of degrees Fahrenheit. The surface of the sun, in contrast, is much cooler, registering only in the thousands of degrees.

“That’s like standing right in front of a campfire, and as you back away, it gets a lot hotter,” Mason said. “It makes no sense.”

Some scientists suspect that especially tiny flares, or “nanoflares,” which are too small for even the most advanced telescopes to spot, may be responsible. If such events exist, they may pop up across the sun on a nearly constant basis. And, the theory goes, they could add up to make the corona toasty. Think of boiling a pot of water using thousands of individual matches.

The students’ results cast doubt on this theory, Mason said, although he thinks it’s too early to say for sure.

“I was hoping our result was going to be different. I still feel like nanoflares are an important driver of coronal heating,” Mason said. “But the evidence from our paper suggests the opposite. I’m a scientist. I have to go where the evidence is pointing.”

Peak pandemic times

The effort began at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In spring 2020, CU Boulder, like most universities around the country, had moved its courses entirely online. Lewandowski, however, faced a predicament: She was teaching a class on hands-on research called “Experimental Physics I” that fall, and she had nothing for her students to do.

“This was peak pandemic times,” Lewandowski said. “It’s sometimes hard to remember back to what life was like then. These students were very isolated. They were really stressed.”

Mason, who was then a researcher at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulder, offered an idea.

The scientist had long wanted to dig into the mathematics of solar flares. In particular, he had tried examining a dataset of thousands of flares that occurred between 2011 and 2018 and had been spotted by instruments in space. They included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series and NASA’s Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS), a CubeSat mission designed and built at LASP.

The problem: There were just too many flares to examine on his own.

That’s when Mason and Lewandowski turned to the students for help.

Mason explained that you can infer details about the behavior of nanoflares by studying the physics of larger flares, which scientists have observed directly for decades.

To do just that, students split into groups of three or four and picked a normal flare they wanted to analyze over the course of the semester. Then, through a series of lengthy calculations, they added up how much heat could each of these events pour into the sun’s corona.

Their calculations painted a clear picture: The sum of the sun’s nanoflares likely wouldn’t be powerful enough to heat up its corona to millions of degrees Fahrenheit.

Educational experiences

What is making the corona so hot isn’t clear. A competing theory suggests that waves in the sun’s magnetic field carry energy from inside the sun to its atmosphere.

But the study’s actual findings aren’t its only important results. Lewandowski said her students were able to have opportunities that are rare for scientists and engineers so early in their careers — to learn first-hand about the collaborative and often-messy way that scientific research works in the real world.

“We still hear students talking about this course in the halls,” she said. “Our students were able to build a community and support each other at a time that was really tough.”

CU Boulder co-authors of the new study include Alexandra Werth, postdoctoral researcher at JILA; Colin West, teaching associate professor in physics; Allison Youngblood, astrophysicist at LASP now at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Donald Woodraska, data systems team lead at LASP; and Courtney Peck, data systems software engineer at LASP and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).

Funding for the research came from NASA through the MinXSS mission and the U.S. National Science Foundation through the STROBE Science & Technology Center and JILA Physics Frontier Center.

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How 1,000 undergraduates helped solve an enduring mystery about the sun

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";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683754599;}i:6;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:78:"Scientists develop gene silencing DNA enzyme that can target a single molecule";s:4:"link";s:124:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/scientists-develop-gene-silencing-dna-enzyme-that-can-target-a-single-molecule/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Wed, 10 May 2023 14:14:17 +0000";s:8:"category";s:66:"sciencedevelopDNAenzymeGenemoleculeScientistssilencingsingleTarget";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43485";s:11:"description";s:766:"Journal Reference: Kim Nguyen, Turnee N. Malik, John C. Chaput. Chemical evolution of an autonomous DNAzyme with allele-specific gene silencing activity. Nature Communications, 2023; 14 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38100-9 DNAzymes are nucleic acid enzymes that cut other molecules. Through chemistry, UCI’s team developed the Dz 46 enzyme, which specifically targets the allele-specific RNA mutation in the ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:3491:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Kim Nguyen, Turnee N. Malik, John C. Chaput. Chemical evolution of an autonomous DNAzyme with allele-specific gene silencing activity. Nature Communications, 2023; 14 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38100-9

DNAzymes are nucleic acid enzymes that cut other molecules. Through chemistry, UCI’s team developed the Dz 46 enzyme, which specifically targets the allele-specific RNA mutation in the KRAS gene, the master regulator of cell growth and division, found in 25 percent of all human cancers. A description of how the team achieved this enzyme evolution was recently published in the online journal Nature Communications.

“Generating DNAzymes that can effectively function in the natural conditions of cell systems has been more challenging than expected,” said corresponding author John Chaput, UCI professor of pharmaceutical sciences. “Our results suggest that chemical evolution could pave the way for development of novel therapies for a wide range of diseases.”

Gene silencing has been available for more than 20 years and some FDA-approved drugs incorporate various versions of the technology, but none can distinguish a single point mutation in an RNA strand. The benefit of the Dz 46 enzyme is that it can identify and cut a specific gene mutation, offering patients an innovative, precision medicine treatment.

The DNAzyme resembles the Greek letter omega and acts as a catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The “arms” on the left and right bind to the target region of the RNA. The loop binds to magnesium, and folds and cuts the RNA at a very specific site. But generating DNAzymes with robust multiple turnover activity under physiological conditions required some ingenuity, because DNAzymes are normally very dependent on concentrations of magnesium not found inside a human cell.

“We solved that problem by re-engineering the DNAzyme using chemistry to reduce its dependency on magnesium and did so in such a way that we could maintain high catalytic turnover activity,” Chaput said. “Ours is one of the very first, if not the first, example of achieving that. The next steps are to advance Dz 46 to a point that it’s ready for pre-clinical trials.”

Team members Kim Thien Nguyen, project scientist, and Turnee N. Malik, postdoctoral scholar, both from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, also participated in this study.

The researchers and UCI have filed provisional patent applications on the chemical composition and cleavage preference of Dz 46. Chaput is a consultant for drug development company 1E Therapeutics, which supported this work.

We would like to give thanks to the writer of this article for this outstanding content

Scientists develop gene silencing DNA enzyme that can target a single molecule

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";}s:7:"summary";s:766:"Journal Reference: Kim Nguyen, Turnee N. Malik, John C. Chaput. Chemical evolution of an autonomous DNAzyme with allele-specific gene silencing activity. Nature Communications, 2023; 14 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38100-9 DNAzymes are nucleic acid enzymes that cut other molecules. Through chemistry, UCI’s team developed the Dz 46 enzyme, which specifically targets the allele-specific RNA mutation in the ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:3491:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Kim Nguyen, Turnee N. Malik, John C. Chaput. Chemical evolution of an autonomous DNAzyme with allele-specific gene silencing activity. Nature Communications, 2023; 14 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38100-9

DNAzymes are nucleic acid enzymes that cut other molecules. Through chemistry, UCI’s team developed the Dz 46 enzyme, which specifically targets the allele-specific RNA mutation in the KRAS gene, the master regulator of cell growth and division, found in 25 percent of all human cancers. A description of how the team achieved this enzyme evolution was recently published in the online journal Nature Communications.

“Generating DNAzymes that can effectively function in the natural conditions of cell systems has been more challenging than expected,” said corresponding author John Chaput, UCI professor of pharmaceutical sciences. “Our results suggest that chemical evolution could pave the way for development of novel therapies for a wide range of diseases.”

Gene silencing has been available for more than 20 years and some FDA-approved drugs incorporate various versions of the technology, but none can distinguish a single point mutation in an RNA strand. The benefit of the Dz 46 enzyme is that it can identify and cut a specific gene mutation, offering patients an innovative, precision medicine treatment.

The DNAzyme resembles the Greek letter omega and acts as a catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The “arms” on the left and right bind to the target region of the RNA. The loop binds to magnesium, and folds and cuts the RNA at a very specific site. But generating DNAzymes with robust multiple turnover activity under physiological conditions required some ingenuity, because DNAzymes are normally very dependent on concentrations of magnesium not found inside a human cell.

“We solved that problem by re-engineering the DNAzyme using chemistry to reduce its dependency on magnesium and did so in such a way that we could maintain high catalytic turnover activity,” Chaput said. “Ours is one of the very first, if not the first, example of achieving that. The next steps are to advance Dz 46 to a point that it’s ready for pre-clinical trials.”

Team members Kim Thien Nguyen, project scientist, and Turnee N. Malik, postdoctoral scholar, both from the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, also participated in this study.

The researchers and UCI have filed provisional patent applications on the chemical composition and cleavage preference of Dz 46. Chaput is a consultant for drug development company 1E Therapeutics, which supported this work.

We would like to give thanks to the writer of this article for this outstanding content

Scientists develop gene silencing DNA enzyme that can target a single molecule

You can find our social media profiles here and other pages on related topics here.http://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683728057;}i:7;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:40:"An unprecedented view of gene regulation";s:4:"link";s:86:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/an-unprecedented-view-of-gene-regulation/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Wed, 10 May 2023 11:47:01 +0000";s:8:"category";s:38:"scienceGeneregulationunprecedentedview";s:4:"guid";s:44:"http://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43483";s:11:"description";s:641:"Journal Reference: Viraat Y. Goel, Miles K. Huseyin, Anders S. Hansen. Region Capture Micro-C reveals coalescence of enhancers and promoters into nested microcompartments. Nature Genetics, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01391-1 To enable those interactions, the genome loops itself in a 3D structure that brings distant regions close together. Using a new technique, MIT researchers have shown that ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:9529:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Viraat Y. Goel, Miles K. Huseyin, Anders S. Hansen. Region Capture Micro-C reveals coalescence of enhancers and promoters into nested microcompartments. Nature Genetics, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01391-1

To enable those interactions, the genome loops itself in a 3D structure that brings distant regions close together. Using a new technique, MIT researchers have shown that they can map these interactions with 100 times higher resolution than has previously been possible.

“Using this method, we generate the highest-resolution maps of the 3D genome that have ever been generated, and what we see are a lot of interactions between enhancers and promoters that haven’t been seen previously,” says Anders Sejr Hansen, the Underwood-Prescott Career Development Assistant Professor of Biological Engineering at MIT and the senior author of the study. “We are excited to be able to reveal a new layer of 3D structure with our high resolution.”

The researchers’ findings suggest that many genes interact with dozens of different regulatory elements, although further study is needed to determine which of those interactions are the most important to the regulation of a given gene.

“Researchers can now affordably study the interactions between genes and their regulators, opening a world of possibilities not just for us but also for dozens of labs that have already expressed interest in our method,” says Viraat Goel, an MIT graduate student and one of the lead authors of the paper. “We’re excited to bring the research community a tool that help them disentangle the mechanisms driving gene regulation.”

MIT postdoc Miles Huseyin is also a lead author of the paper, which appears today in Nature Genetics.

High-resolution mapping

Scientists estimate that more than half of the genome consists of regulatory elements that control genes, which make up only about 2 percent of the genome. Genome-wide association studies, which link genetic variants with specific diseases, have identified many variants that appear in these regulatory regions. Determining which genes these regulatory elements interact with could help researchers understand how those diseases arise and, potentially, how to treat them.

Discovering those interactions requires mapping which parts of the genome interact with each other when chromosomes are packed into the nucleus. Chromosomes are organized into structural units called nucleosomes — strands of DNA tightly wound around proteins — helping the chromosomes fit within the small confines of the nucleus.

Over a decade ago, a team that included researchers from MIT developed a method called Hi-C, which revealed that the genome is organized as a “fractal globule,” which allows the cell to tightly pack its DNA while avoiding knots. This architecture also allows the DNA to easily unfold and refold when needed.

To perform Hi-C, researchers use restriction enzymes to chop the genome into many small pieces and biochemically link pieces that are near each other in 3D space within the cell’s nucleus. They then determine the identities of the interacting pieces by amplifying and sequencing them.

While Hi-C reveals a great deal about the overall 3D organization of the genome, it has limited resolution to pick out specific interactions between genes and regulatory elements such as enhancers. Enhancers are short sequences of DNA that can help to activate the transcription of a gene by binding to the gene’s promoter — the site where transcription begins.

To achieve the resolution necessary to find these interactions, the MIT team built on a more recent technology called Micro-C, which was invented by researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, led by Stanley Hsieh and Oliver Rando. Micro-C was first applied in budding yeast in 2015 and subsequently applied to mammalian cells in three papers in 2019 and 2020 by researchers including Hansen, Hsieh, Rando and others at University of California at Berkeley and at UMass Medical School.

Micro-C achieves higher resolution than Hi-C by using an enzyme known as micrococcal nuclease to chop up the genome. Hi-C’s restriction enzymes cut the genome only at specific DNA sequences that are randomly distributed, resulting in DNA fragments of varying and larger sizes. By contrast, micrococcal nuclease uniformly cuts the genome into nucleosome-sized fragments, each of which contains 150 to 200 DNA base pairs. This uniformity of small fragments grants Micro-C its superior resolution over Hi-C.

However, since Micro-C surveys the entire genome, this approach still doesn’t achieve high enough resolution to identify the types of interactions the researchers wanted to see. For example, if you want to look at how 100 different genome sites interact with each other, you need to sequence at least 100 multiplied by 100 times, or 10,000. The human genome is very large and contains around 22 million sites at nucleosome resolution. Therefore, Micro-C mapping of the entire human genome would require at least 22 million multiplied by 22 million sequencing reads, costing more than $1 billion.

To bring that cost down, the team devised a way to perform a more targeted sequencing of the genome’s interactions, allowing them to focus on segments of the genome that contain genes of interest. By focusing on regions spanning few million base pairs, the number of possible genomic sites decreases a thousandfold and the sequencing costs decrease a millionfold, down to about $1,000. The new method, called Region Capture Micro-C (RCMC), is therefore able to inexpensively generate maps 100 times richer in information than other published techniques for a fraction of the cost.

“Now we have a method for getting ultra-high-resolution 3D genome structure maps in a very affordable manner. Previously, it was so inaccessible financially because you would need millions, if not billions of dollars, to get high resolution,” Hansen says. “The one limitation is that you can’t get the whole genome, so you need to know approximately what region you’re interested in, but you can get very high resolution, very affordably.”

Many interactions

In this study, the researchers focused on five regions varying in size from hundreds of thousands to about 2 million base pairs, which they chose due to interesting features revealed by previous studies. Those include a well-characterized gene called Sox2, which plays a key role in tissue formation during embryonic development.

After capturing and sequencing the DNA segments of interest, the researchers found many enhancers that interact with Sox2, as well as interactions between nearby genes and enhancers that were previously unseen. In other regions, especially those full of genes and enhancers, some genes interacted with as many as 50 other DNA segments, and on average each interacting site contacted about 25 others.

“People have seen multiple interactions from one bit of DNA before, but it’s usually on the order of two or three, so seeing this many of them was quite significant in terms of difference,” Huseyin says.

However, the researchers’ technique doesn’t reveal whether all of those interactions occur simultaneously or at different times, or which of those interactions are the most important.

The researchers also found that DNA appears to coil itself into nested “microcompartments” that facilitate these interactions, but they weren’t able to determine how microcompartments form. The researchers hope that further study into the underlying mechanisms could shed light on the fundamental question of how genes are regulated.

“Even though we’re not currently aware of what may be causing these microcompartments, and we have all these open questions in front of us, we at least have a tool to really stringently ask those questions,” Goel says.

In addition to pursuing those questions, the MIT team also plans to work with researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital to apply this type of analysis to genomic regions that have been linked with blood disorders in genome-wide association studies. They are also collaborating with researchers at Harvard Medical School to study variants linked to metabolic disorders.

The research was funded by the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, a Solomon Buchsbaum Research Support Committee Award, the Koch Institute Frontier Research Fund, an NIH Fellowship and an EMBO Fellowship.

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An unprecedented view of gene regulation

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";}s:7:"summary";s:641:"Journal Reference: Viraat Y. Goel, Miles K. Huseyin, Anders S. Hansen. Region Capture Micro-C reveals coalescence of enhancers and promoters into nested microcompartments. Nature Genetics, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01391-1 To enable those interactions, the genome loops itself in a 3D structure that brings distant regions close together. Using a new technique, MIT researchers have shown that ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:9529:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Viraat Y. Goel, Miles K. Huseyin, Anders S. Hansen. Region Capture Micro-C reveals coalescence of enhancers and promoters into nested microcompartments. Nature Genetics, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01391-1

To enable those interactions, the genome loops itself in a 3D structure that brings distant regions close together. Using a new technique, MIT researchers have shown that they can map these interactions with 100 times higher resolution than has previously been possible.

“Using this method, we generate the highest-resolution maps of the 3D genome that have ever been generated, and what we see are a lot of interactions between enhancers and promoters that haven’t been seen previously,” says Anders Sejr Hansen, the Underwood-Prescott Career Development Assistant Professor of Biological Engineering at MIT and the senior author of the study. “We are excited to be able to reveal a new layer of 3D structure with our high resolution.”

The researchers’ findings suggest that many genes interact with dozens of different regulatory elements, although further study is needed to determine which of those interactions are the most important to the regulation of a given gene.

“Researchers can now affordably study the interactions between genes and their regulators, opening a world of possibilities not just for us but also for dozens of labs that have already expressed interest in our method,” says Viraat Goel, an MIT graduate student and one of the lead authors of the paper. “We’re excited to bring the research community a tool that help them disentangle the mechanisms driving gene regulation.”

MIT postdoc Miles Huseyin is also a lead author of the paper, which appears today in Nature Genetics.

High-resolution mapping

Scientists estimate that more than half of the genome consists of regulatory elements that control genes, which make up only about 2 percent of the genome. Genome-wide association studies, which link genetic variants with specific diseases, have identified many variants that appear in these regulatory regions. Determining which genes these regulatory elements interact with could help researchers understand how those diseases arise and, potentially, how to treat them.

Discovering those interactions requires mapping which parts of the genome interact with each other when chromosomes are packed into the nucleus. Chromosomes are organized into structural units called nucleosomes — strands of DNA tightly wound around proteins — helping the chromosomes fit within the small confines of the nucleus.

Over a decade ago, a team that included researchers from MIT developed a method called Hi-C, which revealed that the genome is organized as a “fractal globule,” which allows the cell to tightly pack its DNA while avoiding knots. This architecture also allows the DNA to easily unfold and refold when needed.

To perform Hi-C, researchers use restriction enzymes to chop the genome into many small pieces and biochemically link pieces that are near each other in 3D space within the cell’s nucleus. They then determine the identities of the interacting pieces by amplifying and sequencing them.

While Hi-C reveals a great deal about the overall 3D organization of the genome, it has limited resolution to pick out specific interactions between genes and regulatory elements such as enhancers. Enhancers are short sequences of DNA that can help to activate the transcription of a gene by binding to the gene’s promoter — the site where transcription begins.

To achieve the resolution necessary to find these interactions, the MIT team built on a more recent technology called Micro-C, which was invented by researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, led by Stanley Hsieh and Oliver Rando. Micro-C was first applied in budding yeast in 2015 and subsequently applied to mammalian cells in three papers in 2019 and 2020 by researchers including Hansen, Hsieh, Rando and others at University of California at Berkeley and at UMass Medical School.

Micro-C achieves higher resolution than Hi-C by using an enzyme known as micrococcal nuclease to chop up the genome. Hi-C’s restriction enzymes cut the genome only at specific DNA sequences that are randomly distributed, resulting in DNA fragments of varying and larger sizes. By contrast, micrococcal nuclease uniformly cuts the genome into nucleosome-sized fragments, each of which contains 150 to 200 DNA base pairs. This uniformity of small fragments grants Micro-C its superior resolution over Hi-C.

However, since Micro-C surveys the entire genome, this approach still doesn’t achieve high enough resolution to identify the types of interactions the researchers wanted to see. For example, if you want to look at how 100 different genome sites interact with each other, you need to sequence at least 100 multiplied by 100 times, or 10,000. The human genome is very large and contains around 22 million sites at nucleosome resolution. Therefore, Micro-C mapping of the entire human genome would require at least 22 million multiplied by 22 million sequencing reads, costing more than $1 billion.

To bring that cost down, the team devised a way to perform a more targeted sequencing of the genome’s interactions, allowing them to focus on segments of the genome that contain genes of interest. By focusing on regions spanning few million base pairs, the number of possible genomic sites decreases a thousandfold and the sequencing costs decrease a millionfold, down to about $1,000. The new method, called Region Capture Micro-C (RCMC), is therefore able to inexpensively generate maps 100 times richer in information than other published techniques for a fraction of the cost.

“Now we have a method for getting ultra-high-resolution 3D genome structure maps in a very affordable manner. Previously, it was so inaccessible financially because you would need millions, if not billions of dollars, to get high resolution,” Hansen says. “The one limitation is that you can’t get the whole genome, so you need to know approximately what region you’re interested in, but you can get very high resolution, very affordably.”

Many interactions

In this study, the researchers focused on five regions varying in size from hundreds of thousands to about 2 million base pairs, which they chose due to interesting features revealed by previous studies. Those include a well-characterized gene called Sox2, which plays a key role in tissue formation during embryonic development.

After capturing and sequencing the DNA segments of interest, the researchers found many enhancers that interact with Sox2, as well as interactions between nearby genes and enhancers that were previously unseen. In other regions, especially those full of genes and enhancers, some genes interacted with as many as 50 other DNA segments, and on average each interacting site contacted about 25 others.

“People have seen multiple interactions from one bit of DNA before, but it’s usually on the order of two or three, so seeing this many of them was quite significant in terms of difference,” Huseyin says.

However, the researchers’ technique doesn’t reveal whether all of those interactions occur simultaneously or at different times, or which of those interactions are the most important.

The researchers also found that DNA appears to coil itself into nested “microcompartments” that facilitate these interactions, but they weren’t able to determine how microcompartments form. The researchers hope that further study into the underlying mechanisms could shed light on the fundamental question of how genes are regulated.

“Even though we’re not currently aware of what may be causing these microcompartments, and we have all these open questions in front of us, we at least have a tool to really stringently ask those questions,” Goel says.

In addition to pursuing those questions, the MIT team also plans to work with researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital to apply this type of analysis to genomic regions that have been linked with blood disorders in genome-wide association studies. They are also collaborating with researchers at Harvard Medical School to study variants linked to metabolic disorders.

The research was funded by the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, a Solomon Buchsbaum Research Support Committee Award, the Koch Institute Frontier Research Fund, an NIH Fellowship and an EMBO Fellowship.

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An unprecedented view of gene regulation

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";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683719221;}i:8;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:69:"Astronomers find distant gas clouds with leftovers of the first stars";s:4:"link";s:115:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/astronomers-find-distant-gas-clouds-with-leftovers-of-the-first-stars/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Wed, 10 May 2023 09:19:18 +0000";s:8:"category";s:52:"scienceAstronomerscloudsdistantFindgasleftoversstars";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43481";s:11:"description";s:732:"Journal Reference: Andrea Saccardi, Stefania Salvadori, Valentina D’Odorico, Guido Cupani, Michele Fumagalli, Trystyn A. M. Berg, George D. Becker, Sara Ellison, Sebastian Lopez. Evidence of First Stars-enriched Gas in High-redshift Absorbers*. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (1): 35 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc39f “For the first time ever, we were able to identify the chemical traces of the ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:5057:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Andrea Saccardi, Stefania Salvadori, Valentina D’Odorico, Guido Cupani, Michele Fumagalli, Trystyn A. M. Berg, George D. Becker, Sara Ellison, Sebastian Lopez. Evidence of First Stars-enriched Gas in High-redshift Absorbers*. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (1): 35 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc39f

“For the first time ever, we were able to identify the chemical traces of the explosions of the first stars in very distant gas clouds,” says Andrea Saccardi, a PhD student at the Observatoire de Paris — PSL, who led this study during his master’s thesis at the University of Florence.

Researchers think that the first stars that formed in the Universe were very different from the ones we see today. When they appeared 13.5 billion years ago, they contained just hydrogen and helium, the simplest chemical elements in nature. These stars, thought to be tens or hundreds of times more massive than our Sun, quickly died in powerful explosions known as supernovae, enriching the surrounding gas with heavier elements for the first time. Later generations of stars were born out of that enriched gas, and in turn ejected heavier elements as they too died. But the very first stars are now long gone, so how can researchers learn more about them? “Primordial stars can be studied indirectly by detecting the chemical elements they dispersed in their environment after their death,” says Stefania Salvadori, Associate Professor at the University of Florence and co-author of the study published today in the Astrophysical Journal.

Using data taken with ESO’s VLT in Chile, the team found three very distant gas clouds, seen when the Universe was just 10-15% of its current age, and with a chemical fingerprint matching what we expect from the explosions of the first stars. Depending on the mass of these early stars and the energy of their explosions, these first supernovae released different chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen and magnesium, which are present in the outer layers of stars. But some of these explosions were not energetic enough to expel heavier elements like iron, which is found only in the cores of stars. To search for the telltale sign of these very first stars that exploded as low energy supernovae, the team therefore looked for distant gas clouds poor in iron but rich in the other elements. And they found just that: three faraway clouds in the early Universe with very little iron but plenty of carbon and other elements — the fingerprint of the explosions of the very first stars.

This peculiar chemical composition has also been observed in many old stars in our own galaxy, which researchers consider to be second-generation stars that formed directly from the ‘ashes’ of the first ones. This new study has found such ashes in the early Universe, thus adding a missing piece to this puzzle. “Our discovery opens new avenues to indirectly study the nature of the first stars, fully complementing studies of stars in our galaxy,” explains Salvadori.

To detect and study these distant gas clouds, the team used light beacons known as quasars — very bright sources powered by supermassive black holes at the centres of faraway galaxies. As the light from a quasar travels through the Universe, it passes through gas clouds where different chemical elements leave an imprint on the light.

To find these chemical imprints, the team analysed data on several quasars observed with the X-shooter instrument on ESO’s VLT. X-shooter splits light into an extremely wide range of wavelengths, or colours, which makes it a unique instrument with which to identify many different chemical elements in these distant clouds.

This study opens new windows for next generation telescopes and instruments, like ESO’s upcoming Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and its high-resolution ArmazoNes high Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph (ANDES). “With ANDES at the ELT we will be able to study many of these rare gas clouds in greater detail, and we will be able to finally uncover the mysterious nature of the first stars,” concludes Valentina D’Odorico, a researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics in Italy and co-author of the study.

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Astronomers find distant gas clouds with leftovers of the first stars

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";}s:7:"summary";s:732:"Journal Reference: Andrea Saccardi, Stefania Salvadori, Valentina D’Odorico, Guido Cupani, Michele Fumagalli, Trystyn A. M. Berg, George D. Becker, Sara Ellison, Sebastian Lopez. Evidence of First Stars-enriched Gas in High-redshift Absorbers*. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (1): 35 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc39f “For the first time ever, we were able to identify the chemical traces of the ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:5057:"

Journal Reference:

  1. Andrea Saccardi, Stefania Salvadori, Valentina D’Odorico, Guido Cupani, Michele Fumagalli, Trystyn A. M. Berg, George D. Becker, Sara Ellison, Sebastian Lopez. Evidence of First Stars-enriched Gas in High-redshift Absorbers*. The Astrophysical Journal, 2023; 948 (1): 35 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc39f

“For the first time ever, we were able to identify the chemical traces of the explosions of the first stars in very distant gas clouds,” says Andrea Saccardi, a PhD student at the Observatoire de Paris — PSL, who led this study during his master’s thesis at the University of Florence.

Researchers think that the first stars that formed in the Universe were very different from the ones we see today. When they appeared 13.5 billion years ago, they contained just hydrogen and helium, the simplest chemical elements in nature. These stars, thought to be tens or hundreds of times more massive than our Sun, quickly died in powerful explosions known as supernovae, enriching the surrounding gas with heavier elements for the first time. Later generations of stars were born out of that enriched gas, and in turn ejected heavier elements as they too died. But the very first stars are now long gone, so how can researchers learn more about them? “Primordial stars can be studied indirectly by detecting the chemical elements they dispersed in their environment after their death,” says Stefania Salvadori, Associate Professor at the University of Florence and co-author of the study published today in the Astrophysical Journal.

Using data taken with ESO’s VLT in Chile, the team found three very distant gas clouds, seen when the Universe was just 10-15% of its current age, and with a chemical fingerprint matching what we expect from the explosions of the first stars. Depending on the mass of these early stars and the energy of their explosions, these first supernovae released different chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen and magnesium, which are present in the outer layers of stars. But some of these explosions were not energetic enough to expel heavier elements like iron, which is found only in the cores of stars. To search for the telltale sign of these very first stars that exploded as low energy supernovae, the team therefore looked for distant gas clouds poor in iron but rich in the other elements. And they found just that: three faraway clouds in the early Universe with very little iron but plenty of carbon and other elements — the fingerprint of the explosions of the very first stars.

This peculiar chemical composition has also been observed in many old stars in our own galaxy, which researchers consider to be second-generation stars that formed directly from the ‘ashes’ of the first ones. This new study has found such ashes in the early Universe, thus adding a missing piece to this puzzle. “Our discovery opens new avenues to indirectly study the nature of the first stars, fully complementing studies of stars in our galaxy,” explains Salvadori.

To detect and study these distant gas clouds, the team used light beacons known as quasars — very bright sources powered by supermassive black holes at the centres of faraway galaxies. As the light from a quasar travels through the Universe, it passes through gas clouds where different chemical elements leave an imprint on the light.

To find these chemical imprints, the team analysed data on several quasars observed with the X-shooter instrument on ESO’s VLT. X-shooter splits light into an extremely wide range of wavelengths, or colours, which makes it a unique instrument with which to identify many different chemical elements in these distant clouds.

This study opens new windows for next generation telescopes and instruments, like ESO’s upcoming Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and its high-resolution ArmazoNes high Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph (ANDES). “With ANDES at the ELT we will be able to study many of these rare gas clouds in greater detail, and we will be able to finally uncover the mysterious nature of the first stars,” concludes Valentina D’Odorico, a researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics in Italy and co-author of the study.

We would like to give thanks to the author of this article for this amazing web content

Astronomers find distant gas clouds with leftovers of the first stars

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";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683710358;}i:9;a:11:{s:5:"title";s:38:"Extracting the best flavor from coffee";s:4:"link";s:84:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/science/extracting-the-best-flavor-from-coffee/";s:2:"dc";a:1:{s:7:"creator";s:12:"Evelyn Clark";}s:7:"pubdate";s:31:"Wed, 10 May 2023 06:52:07 +0000";s:8:"category";s:29:"sciencecoffeeExtractingflavor";s:4:"guid";s:45:"https://dispensary-business-news.com/?p=43479";s:11:"description";s:610:"Journal Reference: William Lee, Ann Smith, Arsalaan Arshad. Uneven Extraction in Coffee Brewing. Physics of Fluids, 2023; DOI: 10.1063/5.0138998 In 2020, researchers found that more finely ground coffee beans brew a weaker espresso. This counterintuitive experimental result makes sense if, for some reason, regions exist within the coffee bed where less or even no coffee ... Read more";s:7:"content";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";s:3424:"

Journal Reference:

  1. William Lee, Ann Smith, Arsalaan Arshad. Uneven Extraction in Coffee Brewing. Physics of Fluids, 2023; DOI: 10.1063/5.0138998

In 2020, researchers found that more finely ground coffee beans brew a weaker espresso. This counterintuitive experimental result makes sense if, for some reason, regions exist within the coffee bed where less or even no coffee is extracted. This uneven extraction becomes more pronounced when coffee is ground more finely.

In Physics of Fluids, from AIP Publishing, University of Huddersfield researchers explored the role of uneven coffee extraction using a simple mathematical model. They split the coffee into two regions to examine whether uneven flow does in fact make weaker espresso.

One of the regions in the model system hosted more tightly packed coffee than the other, which caused an initial disparity in flow resistance because water flows more quickly through more tightly packed grains. The extraction of coffee decreased the flow resistance further, as coffee grains lose about 20% to 25% of their mass during the process.

“Our model shows that flow and extraction widened the initial disparity in flow between the two regions due to a positive feedback loop, in which more flow leads to more extraction, which in turn reduces resistance and leads to more flow,” said co-author William Lee. “This effect appears to always be active, and it isn’t until one of the regions has all of its soluble coffee extracted that we see the experimentally observed decrease in extraction with decreasing grind size.”

The researchers were surprised to find the model always predicts uneven flow across different parts of the coffee bed.

“This is important because the taste of the coffee depends on the level of extraction,” said Lee. “Too little extraction and the taste of the coffee is what experts call ‘underdeveloped,’ or as I describe it: smoky water. Too much extraction and the coffee tastes very bitter. These results suggest that even if it looks like the overall extraction is at the right level, it might be due to a mixture of underdeveloped and bitter coffee.”

Understanding the origin of uneven extraction and avoiding or preventing it could enable better brews and substantial financial savings by using coffee more efficiently.

“Our next step is to make the model more realistic to see if we can obtain more detailed insights into this confusing phenomenon,” said Lee. “Once this is achieved, we can start to think about whether it is possible to make changes to the way espresso coffee is brewed to reduce the amount of uneven extraction.”

We want to say thanks to the writer of this article for this remarkable content

Extracting the best flavor from coffee

You can view our social media profiles here , as well as additional related pages here.http://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";}s:7:"summary";s:610:"Journal Reference: William Lee, Ann Smith, Arsalaan Arshad. Uneven Extraction in Coffee Brewing. Physics of Fluids, 2023; DOI: 10.1063/5.0138998 In 2020, researchers found that more finely ground coffee beans brew a weaker espresso. This counterintuitive experimental result makes sense if, for some reason, regions exist within the coffee bed where less or even no coffee ... Read more";s:12:"atom_content";s:3424:"

Journal Reference:

  1. William Lee, Ann Smith, Arsalaan Arshad. Uneven Extraction in Coffee Brewing. Physics of Fluids, 2023; DOI: 10.1063/5.0138998

In 2020, researchers found that more finely ground coffee beans brew a weaker espresso. This counterintuitive experimental result makes sense if, for some reason, regions exist within the coffee bed where less or even no coffee is extracted. This uneven extraction becomes more pronounced when coffee is ground more finely.

In Physics of Fluids, from AIP Publishing, University of Huddersfield researchers explored the role of uneven coffee extraction using a simple mathematical model. They split the coffee into two regions to examine whether uneven flow does in fact make weaker espresso.

One of the regions in the model system hosted more tightly packed coffee than the other, which caused an initial disparity in flow resistance because water flows more quickly through more tightly packed grains. The extraction of coffee decreased the flow resistance further, as coffee grains lose about 20% to 25% of their mass during the process.

“Our model shows that flow and extraction widened the initial disparity in flow between the two regions due to a positive feedback loop, in which more flow leads to more extraction, which in turn reduces resistance and leads to more flow,” said co-author William Lee. “This effect appears to always be active, and it isn’t until one of the regions has all of its soluble coffee extracted that we see the experimentally observed decrease in extraction with decreasing grind size.”

The researchers were surprised to find the model always predicts uneven flow across different parts of the coffee bed.

“This is important because the taste of the coffee depends on the level of extraction,” said Lee. “Too little extraction and the taste of the coffee is what experts call ‘underdeveloped,’ or as I describe it: smoky water. Too much extraction and the coffee tastes very bitter. These results suggest that even if it looks like the overall extraction is at the right level, it might be due to a mixture of underdeveloped and bitter coffee.”

Understanding the origin of uneven extraction and avoiding or preventing it could enable better brews and substantial financial savings by using coffee more efficiently.

“Our next step is to make the model more realistic to see if we can obtain more detailed insights into this confusing phenomenon,” said Lee. “Once this is achieved, we can start to think about whether it is possible to make changes to the way espresso coffee is brewed to reduce the amount of uneven extraction.”

We want to say thanks to the writer of this article for this remarkable content

Extracting the best flavor from coffee

You can view our social media profiles here , as well as additional related pages here.http://dispensary-business-news-com.ntcloudhosting.com/related-pages/

";s:14:"date_timestamp";i:1683701527;}}s:7:"channel";a:8:{s:5:"title";s:24:"Dispensary-Business-News";s:4:"link";s:36:"https://dispensary-business-news.com";s:11:"description";s:20:"Best Cell Phone News";s:13:"lastbuilddate";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 09:50:18 +0000";s:8:"language";s:5:"en-US";s:2:"sy";a:2:{s:12:"updateperiod";s:9:" hourly ";s:15:"updatefrequency";s:4:" 1 ";}s:9:"generator";s:28:"https://wordpress.org/?v=6.2";s:7:"tagline";s:20:"Best Cell Phone News";}s:9:"textinput";a:0:{}s:5:"image";a:0:{}s:9:"feed_type";s:3:"RSS";s:12:"feed_version";s:3:"2.0";s:8:"encoding";s:5:"UTF-8";s:16:"_source_encoding";s:0:"";s:5:"ERROR";s:0:"";s:7:"WARNING";s:0:"";s:19:"_CONTENT_CONSTRUCTS";a:6:{i:0;s:7:"content";i:1;s:7:"summary";i:2;s:4:"info";i:3;s:5:"title";i:4;s:7:"tagline";i:5;s:9:"copyright";}s:16:"_KNOWN_ENCODINGS";a:3:{i:0;s:5:"UTF-8";i:1;s:8:"US-ASCII";i:2;s:10:"ISO-8859-1";}s:5:"stack";a:0:{}s:9:"inchannel";b:0;s:6:"initem";b:0;s:9:"incontent";b:0;s:11:"intextinput";b:0;s:7:"inimage";b:0;s:17:"current_namespace";b:0;s:13:"last_modified";s:31:"Thu, 11 May 2023 10:29:31 GMT ";}